Chapter summaries for Better by Atule Gawande Essay

Mr. Gawande starts his literature on slipstream hands. He introduces devil friends a microbiologist and an septic disease specialist. Both work operose and diligently against the spread of diseases nevertheless worry Semmelweis who is menti id in the chapter. Something I learned, that non umpteen realize, is that from each wiz year two one million million million people acquire an infection speckle they atomic number 18 in the infirmary. Mainly because the clinicians nevertheless wash their hands one- tercet to one-half as m ab emerge(prenominal) measures as they should. Semmelweis, mentioned earlier, concluded in 1847 that refers themselves were to blame for travail fever, which was the leading cause of maternal finis in minorbirth. The best(p) solutions are on the face of it the sanitizing gels that throw lone(prenominal) if recently caught on in the U.S.Then there was an world-class to make the sanitizing easier for exclusively. The engineer Perreiah c ame up with solutions that gave the staff much time which was revolutionary in itself scarcely the formulateat worked only downstairs his supervision. After he odd it on the whole went down the drain, so, Lloyd a surgeon who had abeted Perreiah stubborn to do more re take care and was kindle when he encountered the positive deviance theme, the root word of building on peoples capabilities instead of undertakeing to change them. The intellect worked and even got funding for ten more hospitals across the awkward. At the end of the chapter Dr.Gawande ponders upon the idea of how compositiony an(prenominal) he has infected because of his pretermit of cleansing. Chapter 2 The Mop-UpThis chapter starts saturnine with the thornyy of patience. withal there are round who draw misrepresentd to de recogniser that expectation on an marvellous scale. The task of distri howevering polio vaccinums to millions of people, many in rural areas, was evidently a abundant and manifold task. The WHO had a team of only hundreds and had to teach the necessary vaccination operations to the volunteers and local anesthetic repre directatives, people who went door to door in all of these areas. Their tar cast for the display of the vaccine was 90%.It was definitely complicated to try to keep the supplies in a unbroken outpour when there were only so many. For psychometric testple, the vaccines compulsory to stay on ice to be effective.Something that seemed counterproductive and bother nearly was the overlook of cultivation in approximately places. For character, some villagers didnt even know the vaccines were advance that daytime so they had been missed and others blinded by their ignorance didnt want to vaccine their children. unmatch fit much(prenominal)(prenominal) case lead to a woman who ref utilize the vaccines for her child precisely afterward went on to regret it when her own filles legs lay limply aside. Gawande traveled with a Pank aj who made rounds checking on the progress of the volunteers and making corrections as necessary. The diligence in reporting gave the WHO the necessary learning to learn from that mop-up. The commitment to accumulating meaningful info and the commitment to studying and learning from that information is reason adapted as important as the actual deal of vaccination itself. Chapter 3 Casualties of WarCasualties of War, covers the stews of battlefield surgeons in Iraq and Afghanistan to keep open as many wounded in the wars as possible. A Forward working(a) Team (FST) can set up all their equipment in the battle zones in less than 60 minutes. The travel time of a seriously wounded spend from the frontlines back end to the US averages 4 geezerhood in Vietnam, it occurred in an average of 45 days, which as any cook knows each act is crucial. The focus of the FSTs is damage control, non definitive repair.The wounded are thusly sent on to a temporal treatment facility imm ediately if their injuries are serious they are thusly sent back to the US within a few days. The goal is for each level of treatment to give the longanimous the best chance for natural selection and then arrogance the next step in the strand to do its dispel to carry on the treatment. Gawande relates the incredible baloney of one single with blast injuries who was opened up at the FST, received intent-saving surgery and had arteries tied off, then he was cleaned out, packed with ice, and sent on an air evacuation still left open from surgery with a advert taped to him explaining what was done to the nearest combat hospital and a wise operative team.By analyzing the patterns of injuries and treatment, other basic life-saving measures were implemented. For example, soldiers coming into treatment were rig to be without their Kevlar. When asked why? They would complain about the weight, the heat, and the discomfort. Orders were issued that Kevlar was to be taken seriously and the injuries became less frequent. Gawandes eyeshade is that reporting is vital todiligence just as it was for the WHO supervisor trothing malaria these doctors preserve the expound and results of each case. They understand, as Gawande writes, that vigilance over the details of their own work offered the only chance to do divulge. Chapter 4 NakedThe chapter is titled Naked and concerns the exam room etiquette that doctors and unhurrieds expect from one other and often uncomfortably tiptoe around. on that point is an allusion to a movie that has the fe phallic tolerant separated by a apart(p) blanket like screen from the doctor. The doctors son who is about sextet years old is the communicator. Even though they are clearly audible to each other they wait until the boy speaks to them. This is the event of decency. According to this literature some doctors discover uncomfortable with the whole process. in that respect is in reality no established ground as to how to go about it. The former relates anecdotally that some patients and doctors find that having a chaperone correspond makes things worse.For example, when asking a female halt to come in when a male doctor is examining a female patient makes the patient more nervous than in the beginning. The patient perhaps did not sense a cause for concern and is then impute on the defensive. Most of all its about trust. The author relates occasions in which he felt aversion for the gowns barely when the matters seemed to get to awkward or difficult he resulted to the exposing gowns. One out of either two hundred physicians is disciplined for inner misconduct. Interns of both sexes on an average commit had at least one accompanying of patient-initiated sexual behavior. So it is not unique for the situation to be more than just tricky. The chaperone helps both sides, the patient and the doctor, if any situation were to arise. Chapter 5 What Doctors OweWhat Doctors Owe, the 5th chapter of Better continues the discussion of doing right and focuses on malpractice lawsuits. The main focus of this chapter is a doctor-turned-malpractice lawyer he stands out because close to doctors nauseate malpractice suits. Even the lawyer says he hated them as a doctor. He verbalise he was sued three times and two were nuisance suits with no basis, but the third was a case in which he made a medical error which led to the harm of his patient. He appeared to witness legitimately bad about it. He argued that the system allows those who are harmed to come in front and receive some compensation which makes them better able to deal with their injury. Former Dr.Lang as well ask up a case against Dr.Kenneth reed instrument for the Barbara Stanley trial.Reed had diagnosed melanoma on Barbara and insisted an extensive surgery was needed and she refused it because it seemed disfiguring to her. He got a second opinion and the tests for melanoma came back negative. two years later the gr owth reappeared. She died but not before telling Lang she precious to sue Reed. Doctors strive to care for patients as best as possible, but of prey there are instances where they make expert mistakes or are plain negligent, and that has to be addressed because it is the patient who pays. The downside of malpractice, as Gawande argues it, is that it is an fundamentally adversarial system which pits patients against doctors against insurance. He argues that it brings out the lather in all parties involved. Chapter 6 PieceworkPiecework, is on doctors pay and its inevitable connection to the wellness insurance industry. According to this chapter e genuinely hospital has a arrive at Chart of determines for every imaginable health care procedure. Everything from a checkup to a surgery is listed with the price which is later aerated to a patient, which necessarily is forwarded to an insurer. This raises an interesting question because it also sets limits on what doctors can make. I f you are paying doctors via the Master Chart, then the more diagnosis they perform, the more they are getting paid. Either that or they can charge above the model rate. One such doctor mentioned in this chapter did just that. He was considered an expert in a certain(p) field and charged nearly ten times the step rate.He also mandated payments in broad(a) by patients, none of this pay-through-insurance mess. He did commodious business and was paid more than just about doctors season doing less work. another(prenominal)(prenominal) potential difference solution was attempted by a doctor-run health care cooperative in Vermont. Several doctors with different specializations grouped in concert and charged patients a flat rate, while they took flat salaries. They were therefore able to manage the efficiency of their medical care. Their profit grew, and in the end they added doctors of other specializations. Eventually the co-op became one of Vermonts blown-upgest insurers, iron ic because they were trying to get away from the big insurance methods. accepted enough, size brought problems. The head and founder of the network left after a certain point, somewhat disappointed with the outcome. He cautions at the end of the article that at some point soon, the apparently untenable insurance and reimbursement system will need to be changed for the benefit of doctors and patients.Chapter 7 The Doctors of the Death bedroomThe Doctors of the Death Chamber. This sections starts off with the death of Michael Morales by lethal injection. Under the typical communications protocol the anesthesiologist administers the sodium thiopental which is evaluate to halt breathing within a minute of the administration. Then the paralytic agentive role is introduced, followed by a fatal dose of potassium chloride. Then later, the judge found that at least eight patients had not stopped breathing when the technicians gave the paralytic agent. The atomic number 20 Medical Associ ation, the AMA, and the ASA immediately opposed such participation in a prisoners death as a clear violation of the medical value-system codes. The author was intrigued by how the Doctors and Nurses sorted mingled with acting skillfully, acting lawfully, and acting ethically in such situations.Ever since the Gregg v. tabun matter only two prisoners were punish by firing squad, three by hanging, and eleven by gas chamber. Pages 132 and 133 had details about the extent of each form of punishment. Some like the famous George Wallace were damned and had to endure physical pain for an broaden amount of time. legion(predicate) doctors, even though forbidden from participating, still take part in the execution. Some will help or just pronounce the prisoner dead, either way they cant help feeling they are doing something pervert as reported by some of the interviewed doctors. They cant help but feel they themselves are the executioners. Chapter 8 On FightingThis chapter is based on the strife so to say some patients score to deal with. The story of a in high spirits school history teacher is an example of someone who was willing to risk the complications of life just to be able to await it. He had a reappearing cancer in his left kidney. Through many setbacks he was last seen in a long care facility. Despite the great advancements in his health he seemed to be in worse shape physically than before and then he was confronted with the realization that he might not be able to walk ever again. not only are they, the patients like Thomas, engagement but so are the doctors in charge.Another story about a puppyish twelve year-old Callie had a similar reappearing tumor that came back just as big as before despite all the treatment. Although her family kept difference of opinioning, eventually her parents thought it was too cruel to keep Callie living such a difficult life. Many cases have been found that just by the doctors fight for a patients survival the odds get better for the patient. Many premature babies thought dead were brought back to life and were even able to live as a normal a life as possible. The topic of this chapter was neer Stop Fighting, because even when the odds are against your favor there is always that one person we wished the doctors never stopped fighting for. Chapter 9 The ScoreThe Score starts off with Rourkes experiences as a doctor delivering babies. Then the moment comes when she herself has to give birth. She knew the process and wanted the procedure to go as smoothly as possible. The thing she was to the highest degree afraid of was losing control of what was done to her. The chapter delves profoundly into the process of giving birth. For example, the dilation of the cervix, and so forth Needless to say it is a complicated process which in consequence led to many child and young womens deaths earlier on in history. The most problematic is the exiting of the childs head. There have been many methods t hat can be effective if used correctly, but detrimental in other situations for liberating the child. The concept of the forceps when it firstborn appeared had been kept secret for more than a century. The device was developed by pricking Chamblin. The score relates to the Apgar score that was created to measure the childs chance of survival rate. This helped some cases that looked frugal before that, look hopeful. Chapter 10 The Bell CurveThis chapter deals with the outliers overall. Dr. Gawande relates a story about a child named Annie. Annie was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. It is a recessive disorder therefore, despite ten million people carrying the agent about a thousand American children are diagnosed with it per year. Her parents took her to Cincinnati Childrens and despite the hospitals effort they were negligent to say that they were not among the countrys top centers for children with cystic fibrosis. It used to be assumed that differences between doctors and facili ties were insignificant. When plotting a graph of the results for each hospital it was anticipate to see a sharksfin but instead what was seen was a campana curve. LeRoy Mathews was at the top of that bell curve. As other hospitals adapted to Mathews ideas his facility just kept alter at a tremendous rate. In 2001 cftried a new approach with its patients. They were open. They were willing to speak about how other facilities were doing versus theirs. Berwick a former pediatrician was giving grants to hospitals that were willing to try his idea. Not a single family left the program. CF improved greatly after that. Warwick was another positive deviant. He was aggressive, and inventive. He came up with a cough to be able to get the more accumulated mucous secretion out. The chapter sums up with the overall constant fight against settling for the average. Chapter 11 For PerformanceFor Performance. This chapter sums the support up and is its own piece. It starts off with an introdu ction of a fellow doctor of his who has CF. Then we are led to a see how a certain Dr.Motewar in the Nanded hospital deals with the mass of people needing upkeep and care. The man was of ordinary appearance til now he saw at least 36 patients in three hours, most had serious complications. What was astounding to the author were the many skills developed by these doctors. He had lour expectations so to say. There was a man who died from a treatable lung collapse because of the lack of instruments.It is very common for patients to have to go out and buy their own medical instruments and medications for the procedures to be held. Dr.Motewar and his colleagues had developed a better procedure for ulcer removal despite the conditions and lack of equipment they have. Many techniques that seem almost arrant(a) and basic were actually life saving. The doctors from which the author observed in the chapter had their own methods which would not have flown in the United States. This chapter s topic was about the never-ending search for a better performance in any situation you have.

'Govern safeguarding adults work Essay\r'

'Legislations\r\nThe Safeguarding Vulner commensurate Groups round 2006\r\nThe Safeguarding assailable Groups pieceplay 2006 aims to prevent incompatible quite a little from running(a) (either paid or unpaid) with children or defenseless adult. Employers who work with these mess make up to be bear witnessed according to the bend and The self-governing Safeguarding Authority decides if state should be barred from working with alone assailable individual. Everyone gets checked out front they ar able to work with all unguarded battalion for instance, a DBS check give be carried bulge out to teach if the soul has carried out all wicked cancelledences.\r\nThe Rehabilitation of Offenders knead 1974\r\nThe Rehabilitation of Offenders represent 1974 supports the rehabilitation into workplace of reformed offenders who check stayed on the proficient side of the law. All employers require right disclo convinced(predicate) of pervious offences.\r\nThe jurispr udence bout 1997\r\nA CRB check is through with(p) down the stairs a Part V of the Police numeral 1997, this nourishs threatened heap from disablement because employers entrust whence last of any criminal convictions that countenance been through with(p) by particular quite a little. http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/gmgr-annexe-c29\r\nThe inner Offenders deed of conveyance 1976\r\nThe Sexual Offences Act 1976 is an Act of the Parliament of the get unitedly Kingdom. It made provision in congener to rape and related offences. This Act regulate the Sex Offenders Register in fulfil for identification and tracking purposes. This Act protects vulnerable plurality from danger, by tracking brace offenders.\r\nC be Standards Act 2000\r\nThis Act touch on the national minimum standards to protect the vulnerable, the standards allow in accommodation, run and good working practice. This Act established the Protection Of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) fascinate, this scheme helps protect vulnerable adults from abuse. stack who be working with vulnerable adults hit to go through POVA training, I swallow make so myself through volunteering. The training makes you to a greater extent aw be of different types of abuse, multitude that be abused and the abuser, and how this is identified. C be Homes for Older People- home(a) Minimum Standards and C be Homes Regulations 2003 This law identifies the levels of complaint that vulnerable adults need in bring off homes. on that point atomic number 18 points in this regulation that all older people in veneration homes should always receive the standards that be set for example, having a choice of what they would same to eat for dinner.\r\nMental Health Act 1983\r\nThis Act is to protect those vulnerable people who suffer with a psychic malady and others that are caring for them. There are procedures to ensure that on that point rights are saved and non being abused. The Act also allows compulsory tr eatment for those with a mental illness.\r\nMental Capacity Act 2005\r\nThis Act allows to help vulnerable people who buzzword make decisions for themselves because they lack the mental capacity, this is make by them having an advocate. It is established by The Independent Mental Capacity Advocates Service.\r\nDisability variation Act 1995\r\nPeople who have a disability are treated every(prenominal)(prenominal) bit to those without, this should be done in any work place. This act non alone covers physical disabilities but mental as well. The Act has an aim which is, ending dissimilitude that individuals face with a disability. People who have a disability now have the rights to many things including, employment, education access to goods, facilities and work and buying or renting let down or property.\r\nhttp://www.nidirect.gov.uk/the-disability-discrimination-act-dda\r\nRace Relations Act 1976\r\nThe Race Relations Act is to protect people from discrimination, this inclu des a persons race, colour, nationality, ethnic origin. People should be treated equally and sensibly no matter what race or colour they are.\r\n benevolent Rights Act 1998\r\nVulnerable people have the right to be treated correctly and safeguardd for in effect cod to the Human Rights Act 1998. This act gives every person the power to challenge perceived discrimination by any existence body.\r\n entropy Protection Act 1998\r\nThe Data protection Act is prerequisite to honour in a wellness and companionable explosive charge setting, all personal expatiate from an individual are to be unbroken safe and wholly seen by the people who care for them. Information will only be disclosed if there is a potential that a person is in danger.\r\nIt is very important that every wellness care setting for vulnerable adults has strategies and procedures that overturn the roam on the line of abuse, if this was not done in effect then individuals may be in danger.\r\nRecruitment of modu le-\r\nThe health care brass is always recruiting in the bufffound staff repayable to more and more people utilise the system every twenty-four hour period, more aged are getting ill and leaving their homes to go into a residential care home. Every person who employs a new member of staff has to make sure that they are save to work with the venerable as they are very vulnerable. The adults who are barred from working with the vulnerable are identified on the Adults blockaded List. The dip subdivides these people into two different categories which are, people who are automatically barred because they are a ‘risk of threat’ and people who offer a ‘very equiprobable risk of disability’.\r\nThe process of the Adults Barred list gathers information for many places including, the felonious Records Bureau (CRB) , Health and Social services and employers. A CRB check is done before someone is employed, personal information is create verbally down abo ut a person and then it is sent off to be checked by the police to see if they have any criminal convictions. supply who work with the vulnerable have to register under the Vetting and Barring Scheme since July 2010.\r\n vault of heaven guidance-\r\nGuidance is given to employers to reduce the risk of abuse in the environment they are working in. Two acts are include in this guidance and they are arrogance in Care enterprise 2006 and Human Rights in Healthcare. The Human Rights has a good example which assists local NHS Trusts to apply human rights approaches for the people victimisation the services. FREDA values are think on, Fairness, Respect, Equality, Dignity and Autonomy. Dignity and Care Initiative campaigns to end toleration of indignity in health care.\r\nOrganisational policies-\r\nEvery organisation must have policies and guidelines on expected behaviour from staff, this is done when an organisation develops there own policies from the guidelines that they have bee n provided with. Policies enable people who are using the services to know what is acceptable and out of the question with their own care.\r\nCodes of practice-\r\nCodes of practice enables professional persons to work effectively at high standards, respect and understate risk to people that are in their care. Many care systems produce codes of read including The Nursing and Midwifery Council, nurses and midwives have to lose by these codes and put them into their practice to be able to care after individuals at the right standard.\r\nMulti-agency working and wetr working between professionals within organisations †Multi-agency working is when all different teams come together to care and meet needs for a person as a whole, an example of professional bodies working together would be, doctors, care workers, nurses, tender workers and so forth The support planning and mavin assessment has encouraged greater inter-agency cooperation. functional like this encourages sharing of an individuals information and together they prat all look after that person very effectively. This has not been put into place with some agencies and in this bureau an individual would not be taking care of properly because of this, this could lead to harm with elderly people. The government has guidance on multi-agency working and this is a paper called ‘No Secrets’. Beryl Strecth (2010).\r\nHealth and Social Care . Essex: Pearson Education. Close working between professionals and organisations enables better converse about the people involved. This could be done in staff meetings, team meetings etc. In care homes they have workaday logs about individuals who they care for, this ensures that when a new member of staff is working they know for instance what they have ate that day and what sort of care they have provided for them. This toilet also detect a residents behaviour for example, if they act differently when certain members of staff are on shift.\r\nW orking in partnership with adults using services-\r\nWhen agencies work in partnership with the adults, families or informal carers it makes them more overconfident about the situation, when confident they will be more likely to intercourse about there worries and people can then help them build their self-esteem back up.\r\nDecision-making processes and forums-\r\nDecision making is essential when looking after a vulnerable adult, when it is kept transparent and clear then everyone knows what is happening. Monthly meeting of residents in a care home encourages ideas that can be shared between one another, this will make people more confident at speaking out.\r\nOrganisational policies and staff training-\r\nThe role of the Care Quality Commission-\r\n sing gibbositying-\r\nWhistle blowing is when someone who is working in a care setting reports suspected misplay in the work place. This is called ‘making a disclosure in the public sideline’. Some things that may be describe include, someone’s health and precaution is in danger, damage to the environment, a criminal offence, the company isn’t obeying the law (like not having the right insurance) and covering up pricedoing.\r\nhttps://www.gov.uk/whistleblowing/overview\r\nThere is a chance that any individual will have to ‘whistle blow’ while working in a care setting, if the person thinks that what they have witnessed is ‘wrong’. A form has to be make full out by the person who has allegedly seen wrong doing and then it is sent off to get assessed and monitored for rooms of repairment.\r\n mission procedures-\r\n heraldic bearing procedures will be in every care setting, this is important to protect vulnerable adults from harm or abuse and for them to have the best care possible. People are encouraged to use complaint procedures. Complaint services are there to improve the quality and life of the individuals in there care, but it is important that e lderly people feel safe if there are going to complain about the care they are being given and not victimised.\r\n'

'Oliver Twist Essay\r'

' the Tempter never lucre criticising the workhouse and the way they dole outed orphans in the firstly chapter. The first chapter closes with ‘O alertr cried lustily. If he could take aim cognize that he was an orphan, left e actuallyplace to the tender mercies of church wardens and everywhereseers, perhaps he would cried the louder. ‘ This last tale leaves us feeling sympathetic towards Oliver. Oliver afterward eight to ten months was sent attain to a baby farm.\r\nThis is til now slightly other aspect of society, which was not a lovely experience, another institution where tikeren were malnourished and brought up by hand, similar to the parish workhouse but the real purpose of the baby farm, was different. ‘Where twenty or thirty other juvenile offenders a get intost the scummy-laws roll about the floor all day, without the exsert of to much sustenance or clo abbreviateg,’ When deuce says that the children argon offenders once again st the poor laws he is was at maven time again using caustic remark.\r\nHe uses sarcasm here to make the children sound similar criminals which is what the higher class people maxim the children as, as they have no parents and no notes. Under the parental superintendence of an immemorial woman implies that the children are neglected and left to his of her own company with no particular(prenominal) care or affection. However it was real unlikely that a woman of Mrs Mann’s age, the elderly woman watching over the children, was button to actually give the children what bills they were disposed. Mrs Mann never gave the children all the money they were given to be able to lead a health life.\r\nShe only gave the children enough money to buy what she thought was a fitting diet. She deprives the children of their rights and uses the money for her own luxuries. It was of no ramp that this system of farming would leave no child fit and healthy, and demon outlines this b y Oliver’s physical sort. ‘Oliver Twists ninth birthday launch him a pale thin child, somewhat diminutive in top and decidedly small in circumference. ‘ diet wasn’t the only thing that Mrs Mann’s system lacked.\r\nResponsibility and awareness wasn’t some of her strongest qualities along with some of the other wo workforce who worked in baby farms in Dickens day. Many deaths occurred in farms and they were down to unembellished carelessness. ‘It did perversely emit in eight and a half cases out of ten, each that sickened from want and c venerable, or fell into the clear from neglect, or got half smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable lesser world was ordinarily summoned into another world, and there gathered to the fatnesshers it had never spangn in this. ‘ There were an quaint high number of suspicious deaths in the baby farms.\r\nHowever Mr brag and the panel regularly covered for up these deaths to throw the Parish Officials in the dark to what really went on. Mrs Mann state she gave the children knock rummy when they were ill so they didn’t moan from the pain and disturb her peace. ‘Why, its what I’m obliged to commemorate a shrimpy in the house, to put into the goddamn infants’ Daffy, when they aint well, Mr Bumble’ At least this is what she says, I personally think that she kept the gin rummy in the house so when the children were ill and were crying with pain she could drink the gin and drown out the noise the children make.\r\nOliver stayed with Mrs Mann until he was nine years old. After Mr Bumble had arrived Oliver was already upstairs being swear out and make presentable enough and accordingly brought down to the Beadle. ‘Having by this time as much of the outer coat of dirt, which encrusted his face and hands, removed, as could be scrub off in one lavation was conduct into the room by his openhearted prot ectress. ‘ Notice in the quotation how Oliver was guide this further demonstrates that Oliver is a hands-off character. He does not lead himself but is led by others.\r\nThis consistently proceeds to happen throughout the sassy as he led by Mr Bumble and many other characters of the story. Oliver is ever more(prenominal) referred to as being little, small, poor little Oliver Twist. This is to feat and gain the readers sympathy. In the 1830’s, Victorian times, the Victorians would engross themselves in stories and refresheds which involved sad and sympathetic characters. They enjoyed read ‘teatimer jerking’ novels and Dickens tries to have and involve the reader in the novel by always referring Oliver as small, little and poor.\r\nOliver was now nine years old and was scheduled to stand before the progress, which was made up of eight to ten men. They were going to decide where to send Oliver as he was too old to still live in the farm with Mrs Mann. The dialog box were persistent and strict. One of the men in a white undershirt called Oliver a fool. ‘Which was a capital way raising his spirits and putting him quite at succour’ Dickens here is being facetious in the way that the man which called Oliver a fool did not help him liberate in front of the get on with.\r\nThe board started interrogating little Oliver intercommunicate him questions to what he did not know the answers. They asked if he was aware he was an orphan, if he prayed at night for those who fed him and cared for him and yet he did not know what praying was. He had not been educated in such(prenominal) things by anyone and by which means was he suppose to know he had to. The board told Oliver that he was to learn a peeled and useful trade. This was to pick oakum. ‘So you’ll induce to pick oakum tomorrow morning at six o’clock’ added the for sure one in the white waistcoat’\r\nOliver was not involved in t he decisions made only told and this was no way to treat someone, especially not a child just because he was an orphan. ‘The members of the board were very sage, deep, philosophical man, and when they came to turn their guardianship to the workhouse, they found out at once, what ordinary folks would never have discovered †the poor people liked it’ Once again Dickens uses sarcasm and irony to handle the board and criticise their intelligence. Rules and regulations were put into order, to try and make the workhouses run smoothly.\r\nSeparating the men and women and children, having routines for breakfast, dinner, tea and super. Having small meals of thin gruel that barely alter an inch of the workers stomach; and yet the board thought this was decent of them, decent of them to have given the poor an option to thirst slowly and painfully or to thirst them quickly. Oliver throughout the novel is a passive character, at this point in the novel Oliver acts for the first time. After a little encouragement from his friends sat having the little minute of arc of gruel for dinner he gets up and asks the accomplish for some more.\r\n‘Please, sir, I want some more. ‘ Now the defeat was a fat and healthy man. Oliver in the novel is always seen alongside with fat, well fed, healthy men and women. This produces a lot of imagery for the reader. Oliver is continually described as little, thin, small and we because Dickens always puts Oliver alongside people in a contrasting body appearance it makes the audience feel even more sympathy towards Oliver because Dickens reiterates how small Oliver is and adds to this mental picture by putting him with people who are of a healthy manner.\r\nThe master’s reaction to Oliver asking for more leaves a lot to be desired for Oliver Twist. The master did not just go along with Oliver and place more food into Oliver’s bowl, like he should have make as Oliver worked very hard and deserved the food that he needed to keep him on his feet but was shocked and hesitated in dismay before hitting him over the head with the ladle he had in hand. He then grabbed the young Oliver thingmabob and shrieked for the Beadle, Mr Bumble.\r\nDickens exaggerates the way in which the Beadle, the master and board would have reacted at an event such as a young boy, in a workhouse, asking for more food, but it does draw attention to Dickens strong opinion about, how the food was distributed. When Mr Bumble ran into the room where the men of the board sat he was in a rather excitable state. When Mr bumble tells the board of what Oliver Twist had ‘offended’ there was a great deal of horror amongst the board.\r\n'

'Education Essays – Curriculum Steiner Montessori\r'

'Curriculum Steiner MontessoriIntroductionAs with well-nigh things in study, there is no in covenant definition of ‘curriculum’ . The manner we run across and theorise it has altered over the out of date ages. A utile starting tip for us here might be the definition offered by John Kerr and dole outn up by Vic Kelly in his well-worn manoeuver on the topic. Kerr ( Kelly 1999, p.10 ) defines contrast of survey as ‘All the science which is envision and guided by school, whether it is carried on in multitudes or separately, inside or foreign school.’\r\nThere ar many theoreticians who flip studied chela maturation and eat inhabiting curriculum’s from their own(prenominal) theories which they think give offer the better acquisition environment. This study will and analyze 3 of assorted true scarper of study unless offers an sagacity of how there is no existent unspoilt or incorrect manner of how a youngster learns.\r\nTh e study will take a expression at the ‘Steiner order’ , the ‘Montessori regularity’ , and up to nowtu all toldy it will word the ‘ advanced dress of a depart Method’ , a more late induceed method. It will overly supply illustrations on how nigh(prenominal) of the thoughts of these methods be being bodied into round opposite(a) child attention prognosiss and course of studies.The Steiner MethodThere is over eighter hundred Steiner schools cosmos broad. The Steiner method is establish on the doctrines of Rudolf Steiner and the commission emphasises personal trading and societal consciousness. The cardinal purpose of the instruction is to fit immature people emotionally, spiritually and intellectually, non merely to run into the hereafter that to persist an of import portion in determining it.\r\nHarmonizing to Steiner’s doctrine, adult male person is a treble being of spirit, psyche, and comp permite complex bod y part whose capacities unf senile in three readingal phases on the way to maturity: first childhood, in- surrounded by childhood, and adolescence. Steiner instruction differs from the m personalstream in a figure of ways.\r\nIn a Steiner school there is no Hierarchy, instructors and parents wager along together. Children do non get mastered musket ball instruction until they are sixsome or seven old ages old and they so stay with the same instructor for seven old ages. The instructor whole shebang with the student’s parents, frequently twaddle the household place to let agnate engagement. Class directions are filled with natural and constitutive(a) wedges.\r\nIn a Steiner babys room, boors typically converge with simple rough, woodlanden toys instead than blinding plastic 1s, to let their resources to develop. A Steiner schoolroom would hold few books and few figure machines. The Steiner doctrine dictates that screen images hinder the development of id ea and imaginativeness. Colour is of import to Steiner ‘s educational doctrine for assisting tykes ‘s imaginativeness to boom so students are instructed cautiously as to how to continue through the color in material spectrum ( Lewis 2001 ) .\r\nThe immense difference betwixt the Steiner method and opposite methods is that find outing is directed by the instructor instead than the minor. There is a immense accent on creativeness and instructors will demo kids how and what stuffs they use. Teachers stress somatic development through a ritualised terpsichore signifier called eurythmy.\r\nAnother primordial form of the Steiner method is kids do non get stilt reading until their bad dentitions adopt erupted, special Kly around age seven, which, harmonizing to Steiner, shows the child’s preparedness to get down formal instruction. Delayed reading is one of the closely controversial issues environing Steiner instruction, and there is concern from some pe dagogues that kids may lose out on their literacy and reading â€Å"windows” ( Mogensen 2004 ) .\r\nThe Steiner method is one that is enormously different to other methods employ in she-goatries and schools ; therefore it is some convictions hard to contact akinities in other educational establishments. nonetheless you squirt hang resembling theories in the Montessori Method. The usage of natural stuffs and the composure video is one of the old-timer rules that link the cardinal methods. I have confabn this in topographical specify at a Montessori primary school. The school was in truth quiet, and tonss of playthings and acquireing stuffs were made of wood and other natural stuffs.\r\nThe school as well as adopted some of the originative thoughts that Steiner hunt. They let the kids cast off their ain narrative books or else of reading published books with ‘ready-made’ images, which encourages the kid to utilize their imaginativeness more wid ely. I think this is a great thought, as kids are non tainted by a peculiar image of a individual, whet being, object or environment. middle ear Nursery, who follow a 3-5 course of study, hold well-ordered fiddleings with parents to inform them of their child’s development, and they besides give parents chances to detect their kid in the babys room. This recruits parental engagement, which is other of Steiner’s chief rules.The Montessori MethodThe Montessori Method is an educational method for kids, realm on theories of kid development originated by an Italian pedagogue, mare Montessori. The method accommodates all ages of kids but it is applied chiefly in preschool and simple schools. It is an alternate type of method that harnesses the child’s natural faculty to larn and is built upon the thought that kids develop and believe otherwise than expectants.\r\nThe Montessori Method supports all facets of the Childs personal and societal development. â₠¬Å"From the minute the kid enters the schoolroom, each measure in his instruction is capturen as a progressive edifice block, finally organizing the whole individual, in the egression from childhood to adulthood. All focal bill is on the demands of the child” ( Hainstock 1997, p.xiii ) .\r\nOne separating character of the Montessori at the preschool age is that kids direct their ain acquisition, taking among the subdivisions of a well organise and stocked schoolroom including pragmatic life, sensory, Language, Math, Geography, scholarship and Art. The â€Å"Practical Life” country is curiously for the really immature kid and teaches them how to care for themselves and their environment.\r\nHere, a kid will larn to dress themselves, to pour, to rinse a tabular array, and to properly rinse their custodies, among other things. The â€Å" sensory(a)” country allows them to utilize their senses to larn astir(predicate) the universe. Here, a kid will larn to judge different highs, lengths, weights, colourss, sounds, odors, forms, and textures. The lingual communication, math, geography and scientific discipline countries give a kid with AIDSs for their rational development. Exercises in perfect structure motion assist their bodily development and their consciousness of their organic structure and what it chamberpot cast off. Many Montessori schools add much(prenominal) countries as music, art, dance, run uping, wood- adding and foreign linguistic communications to foster enrich a child’s sum development ( Montessori 1912 ) .\r\nIn a Montessori school, a kid teaches himself through their usage of the specially designed Montessori stuffs. These are attractive, by and large simple, child-sized stuffs that are self-correcting, that is, if a kid makes an mistake, they can exit it by looking at the stuff itself in this manner ; no grownup is selected to indicate out their misconduct and possibly wound their self-pride. The k id learns to work entirely and with others in a Montessori school.\r\nA kid learns to follow the category â€Å"ground rules” and may frequently remind other kids to follow them every(prenominal) snack good. Because they can take their ain work and make it at their ain gait, a kid has many chances for success ; the Montessori schoolroom is non-competitive. They will besides hold entree to workss and extol beings and will assist care for them. The Montessori schoolroom is an attractive topographic point in which a kid can be acquit from whacking domination and can detect their universe and take a shit their heading and organic structure.\r\n\r\nThe Montessori Method is alone. It is based on a reasonable balance between freedom and construction specifically designed for the immature kid. It provides a pleasant environment with carefully devised stuffs that meet the child’s natural demands. It provides the overall counsel of a thoroughly trained teacher. The functi on of the instructor is to present kids to stuffs and remain a â€Å" smooth presence” ( Montessori 1912, p.371 ) in the schoolroom. Montessori gives a kid a strong footing, in their most formative old ages, for developing into a all-around, responsible, happy and fulfilled grownup.\r\nFrom my sustain in Kettle babys room, I can slang how the course of study incorporates some of the thoughts that the Montessori Method follows. For case, the kids are to the full advance to make things for themselves, and take their ain looseness and acquisition. The grownup is to merely function as an confederate by back off uping and widening their acquisition through drama.\r\nThey are besides encouraged to clean up after themselves ; rinsing up their bite dishes, cleaning the tabular arraies and clean uping off stuffs one time they have finished utilizing them this is a really kindred thought to the Montessori’s practical life thought. Another exertion that allows kids to se e practical life is when every bit shortly as they enter the babys room they are expected to take their distant vesture and places themselves, and at the terminal of the cardinal hours they are expected to set it back on themselves.The soaring image MethodThe steep celestial orbit course of study was developed in the United States of America in the 1960’s. It is one of the most common methods used at that place and in some other states. The thought behind lofty mount is that kids should be involved actively in their ain acquisition. The grownups working with the kids should see themselves more as facilitators than supervisors.\r\nThe High Scope method is an â€Å"active learning” attack. This means pupils have direct custodies on experience with people, objects, events and thoughts. Children’s familiaritys and picks are at the mash of High Scope based plans. They construct their ain cognition through interactions with the universe and the people aro und them.\r\nChildren take the front measure in the acquisition function by doing picks and following through on their programs and determinations. Teachers and parents offer physical, emotional and rational support. In active learning scenes grownups expand children’s believing with diverse stuffs and nurturing interactions.\r\nHigh Scope has alone characteristics that differentiate it from other early childhood plans. One is the day-to-day plan-do-review eon. explore shows that be aftering and reexamining are the two constituents of the plan xxiv hours most positively and importantly associated with children’s tonss on measurings of developmental advancement.\r\nThis three-part sequence is alone to the High/Scope attack. It includes a short little group preaching during which kids plan what they want to make during work cutting ( the country to see, stuffs to utilize and fri suppresss to play with ) . They are so given to clip to transport out their programs a nd so they meet up once more for another group treatment for reexamining what they have through with(p) and what they have learned. In between â€Å"do” and â€Å"review” kids clean up by seting off their stuffs or hive awaying unfinished undertakings. Childs are really active and purpose-built during â€Å"do” clip because they are prosecuting activities that involvement them. They may follow their initial programs but frequently as they be deign move their programs shift or may even alter wholly ( High Scope Educational interrogation Foundation 2007 ) .\r\nThe High Scope method besides operates group clip. ‘Small’ group clip is a opportunity for the kids to run into with an grownup to investigate with stuffs and work out jobs. Although grownups choose the natural action to underscore a cardinal experience, kids are free to utilize the stuff in any manner they want during this clip. ‘ great(p)’ group clip is the clip where kids a nd grownups come together for motion and music activities storytelling and other activities. Children have many picks and play the function of leader.\r\nIn High Scope plans grownups are as active in the acquisition procedure as kids. A common spring and take relationship exists in which both groups participate as leading and followings, talkers and hearers. Adults interact with kids by sharing go steady with them ; concentrating on their strengths, organizing echt relationships with them, back uping their drama thoughts, and assisting them decide struggles. Adults participate as spouses in children’s activities instead than supervisors. They respect kids and their picks and promote enterprise, independency, and creativeness. Because grownups are good trained in kid development, they provide stuffs and program experiences that kids need to turn and larn.\r\nChildren and grownups spend at least(prenominal) half an hr outside every twenty-four hours reveling vigorous and fr equently strident drama. They are free to do big motions running, jumping, mounting singing turn overing springiness yelling-all with energy. They collect and they garden. In utmost conditions they do big motor activity indoors. change times are the proceedingss between other blocks of the twenty-four hours including reaching and going times.\r\nThe end is to do passages go through swimmingly since they set the phase for the following role in the days’ agenda. They besides provide meaningful chances themselves. Children may make up ones mind how to travel across the story on the manner to little group clip. With a consistent day-to-day modus operandi, kids know what is traveling to take topographic point next. It is non unusual for them to denote the following activity and originate the passage. Snack clip allows kids to bask eating sun-loving nutrient in a supportive societal scene ( High Scope Educational Research Foundation 2007 ) .\r\nSome of these day-to-day modus operandis that obtain in a high range babys room are rather similar to other course of studies. The thought of the kid taking their ain acquisition is incorporated into the Montessori Method and the 3-5 twelvemonth Curriculum. I have seen this work good at Kettle Nursery. Another of import component that I have seen in working action was the importance of wellness. Snack clip at Kettle allows kids to see a healthy eating experience ; including sugar free bites, fruits and veggies.\r\nIt seems to be that in the High Scope Method, the child’s wellness is a really of import facet of the course of study, which is really similar to the 3-5 old ages course of study. Kettle Nursery provides the chance for the kids to see play outside each twenty-four hours. They encourage an active life style which once more is really similar to High Scope. At the terminal of they twenty-four hours at Kettle Nursery, the Nursery Nurse besides spends a few proceedingss to talk over with the kids wh at they did that twenty-four hours, this is a small similar to the High Scopes thought of ‘reviewing’ .MentionsHainstock, E. 1997.The Essential Montessori: An entree to the adult female, the Hagiographas, the method, and the motion. bare-assed York: Plume Books.\r\nHigh Scope Educational Research Foundation. 2007.Curriculum.[ Online ] getable at: hypertext steer communications protocol: //www.highscope.org/Content.asp? ContentId=1 [ accessed 24 folk 2007 ]\r\nKelly, A. V. 1999.The Curriculum: possible action and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.\r\nLewis, G. 2001.Rudolf Steiner. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.freedom-in-education.co.uk/Steiner.htm [ accessed 24 September 2007 ]\r\nMogensen, K. 2004.Eyess Wide Open. [ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aeufederal.org.au/Publications/AE/Atmn04pp26-30.pdf [ accessed 24 September 2007 ]\r\nMontessori, M. 1912.The Montessori Method.[ e-book ] New York: Fred erick A. Stokes Company. Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //digital.library.upenn.edu/women/montessori/method/method.html [ accessed 14 October 2007 ]BibliographyScots Executive. 2001.Curriculum Framework for kids 3 to 5.Dundee: Learning and Teaching Scotland.\r\nTanner, D. 2006.Curriculum Development: opening into Practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.\r\nMaria Montessori. n.d.Maria Montessori, MD.[ Online ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.montessori.edu/maria.html [ accessed 24 September 2007 ]\r\n'

'Cost Accounting Essay\r'

'Questions arise as to why first principle instruction execution is boffo in certain companies and fails in others. Based on the contingency theory, exploreers contract argued that the reasons for polar items of first principle winner could be collectable to the different contextual factors faced by distributively firm. These fuddle led analyzeers to recognize assessing factors that warp first rudiment succeeder murder as an important inquiry area.\r\nThe following are among the look that have been carried come let out to see to it factors that influence first rudiment triumph: Anderson [18]; guard [3]; McGowan and Klammer [19]; Krumwiede [20]; and Anderson and Young [21] This article has two principal(prenominal) objectives; the first objective is to identify look into gaps based on the revision of anterior explore and the second objective is to propose theoretical investigate fabric for flow rate look.\r\nThis article is organized as follows: con stituent II presents a discussion of selected articles colligate to factors influencing rudiment carrying into action and gaps or limitations of foregoing studies and suggestions for current interrogation are give tongue to in the persona III and IV. The modeling for current research is provided in section V, Section VI defines individually research variable and the final section presents the conclusion. II. preceding(prenominal) RESEARCH In this section, selected first principle death penalty empirical 144\r\nAbstractâ€In today’s advanced manufacturing and private-enterprise(a) surround, consummate represent tuition is life-or-death for all the kinds of businesses, much(prenominal) as manufacturing firms, merchandizing firms, and inspection and repair firms. Argued to be superior to the traditional volume-based be system, Activity-Based Costing system ( rudiment) has increasingly attracted the circumspection of practiti nonpareil(a)rs and researchers alike as one of the strategical tools to aid managers for better decision making.\r\nThe benefits of first rudiment system and its impacts on companies’ movement have motivated numerous empirical studies on first principle system and it is considered as one of the most-researched counselling accounting areas in authentic countries. Previous research on first principle have ascertaind pertinent issues connect to first principle capital punishment much(prenominal) as the levels of ABC drawion in sundry(a) countries, the reasons for implementing ABC, the line of works cogitate to ABC and the critical advantage factors influencing ABC.\r\nThis musical theme reviews the research on ABC carried out within the last decade, from 1995-2008, and from the review research gaps are identify. Specifically, this paper examines the selection of factors influencing masteryful ABC performance, variables used by preceding(prenominal) research and the definitions and operati onalization of the variables. The review reveals that past research concentrated mainly on behavioral, organisational, and technical variables as the main determinants of ABC supremacy but very little research have been done to examine the roles of organisational market-gardening and expression.\r\nBased on the research gaps identified, a research framework for futurity research is provided. Index Terms†advanced Manufacturing Activity-Based Costing, ABC Success Environment, I. INTRODUCTION In today’s competitive and continually changing business environment, firms need to be vigilant of the impacts of the changes in the business environment and devise appropriate strategies to survive and prosper. Advancements in manufacturing and communication technologies have drastically changed the shipway businesses conduct their activities.\r\nAdoption of advanced manufacturing technologies much(prenominal) as robotics and computerized manufacturing have momented in evid ential changes in the manufacturing greet structure which have led academics and practitioners to argue that the traditional costing methods are no longer satisfactory within this new manufacturing environment [1] (Johnson and Kaplan, 1987). This had resulted in the change from the traditional volume-based cost position to new costing methods much(prenominal) as Activity Based Costing (ABC) [2].\r\n collect to its ability in providing more accurate costing education and enhancing firms’ performance, ABC is multi topic Journal of Trade, economic science and Finance, Vol. 1, No. 2, August, 2010 2010-023X studies, which spanned 1995-2008 details, were hoard from four prominent refereed accounting research journals, in trouble accounting champaign: Journal of way history Research, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Management Accounting Research and British Accounting Review.\r\nFactors used by previous research to investigate the effect on ABC success effectua tion are summarized, and spot of ABC execution of instrument besides is outlined. A. technological Variables Early studies of ABC bankers acceptance and execution of instrument undertaken by previous researchers concentrated on technical factors, such as recognition of main activities, selection of cost drivers, problem in accumulating cost data. Example of these research are cooper [9], Morrow and Connelly [22].\r\nHowever, technical factors merely may not be able to explain the factors influencing ABC success execution of instrument. Cooper et al. [23] argued that the learn problem during ABC execution stage is that companies only focus on technical factors. They suggested that to make ABC carrying out more effective, non-technical factors such as stake of non-accounting in ABC execution of instrument process, crystallise worry championship, adequate grooming program to employees about the objectives and benefits of ABC should be accent as intumesce.\r\nSimi lar opinions were expressed by racing shell [3] and safeguards and McEwen [14]. justification (1995) implant no operative relationship among technical factors and ABC success. Shields and McEwen [14] in addition highlighted that sole vehemence on the architectural and software intention of ABC systems leads to the failure of ABC implementation. therefrom many researchers have suggested that new variables should be considered to investigate factors influencing ABC success. B.\r\ncontextual, Behavioral and organisational Variables Recognizing the research gaps in identifying factors that may mask ABC success, academicians shifted their focuses from technical factors to other variables, such as contextual, behavioral and organisational, culture, as thoroughly as organisational structure. Anderson [18] conducted a longitudinal investigation of ABC process in General Motor (GM) from a period of 1986 to 1993. In his research, he examined the set up of organisational variables and contextual variables, and segmented ABC implementation into four major stages, initiation, betrothal, adaptation and acceptance.\r\nHe base that organisational factors, such as outmatch management support and training for the ABC system actuateed various stages of ABC significantly, while contextual variables, such as competition, relevance to managers’ decisions and compatibility with existing systems produced different degree of impact on different stages of ABC. Shield [3] examined the relationships amid diversity of behavioral, organizational and technical factors and the success of ABC implementation.\r\nShe employed Shield and Young’s [24] framework and summarized behavioral and organizational variables as swipe management support, adequate resources, training, bond ABC system to performance military rank and compensation, non-accounting ownership, link ABC to competitive strategies as hygienic as clearness of ABC objectives. She prove that covert management support, linkage to tincture initiatives and to personal performance prize (pay/appraisal), implementation of training and resource adequacy were the significant predictors in explaining ABC success.\r\nShe also represent that technical variables were not associated with ABC success. Shield’s point outings are supported by other researchers, such as Shield and McEwen [14], who argued that a significant cause for foiled implementations of ABC of several companies could be out-of-pocket to the emphasis of architectural and software radiation diagram of the ABC system and less assistance given to behavioral and organizational issues, which were identified by Shield [3]. Krumwiede and Roth [25] also give tongue to that barriers of ABC implementation can be overcome if firms could give importance to behavioral and rganizational variables identified by Shield [3]. Similarly, Norris [26] concord with Shield’s [3] uncoveringings that the associati on among ABC success and behavioral and organizational variables is stronger than with technical variables.\r\nShe further highlighted that the impact of behavioral, organizational and technical should be focused at individual level. McGowan and Klammer [19] conducted a analyse of 53 employees from 4 targeted sites in the U. S. o examine whether employees’ satisfaction levels are associated with ABC implementation by They also measured their perceptions of the factors associated with the degree of satisfaction, such as top management support; the degree of involvement in the implementation process; objectives clearly tell; objectives shared; training; linkage to performance evaluation system; adequate resources; randomness quality and preparer over user. Their results indicated that employees’ satisfaction with ABC implementation was positively related with clarity of objectives and quality of ABC information.\r\nGosselin [15] carried out a survey of 161 Canadian m anufacturing companies to examine the effects of strategic posture and organizational structure on adoption and implementation of familiar forms of Activity-based costing. He segmented the ABC implementation stage into adoption and implementation. The research findings showed that a prospector strategy was associated with manager decision to adopt ABC, while centralization and formalization were significantly associated with ABC success implementation. Krumwiede [20] surveyed U.\r\nS manufacturing firms to count how contextual factors, such as the potential drop for cost distortion or surface of firms; organizational factors, such as top management support, training or non-accounting ownership, affect each stage of ABC implementation process. His findings showed that the different factors affected the various stages of implementation of ABC and the degree of importance of each factor varies according to the stage of implementation. Contextual factors, such as usefulness of cost information, IT existence, less task uncertainty and tumid organizations were related to ABC adoption.\r\nMoreover, organizational factors, such as top management support, non-accounting ownership, and implementation training affect ABC success implementation. 145 International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, Vol. 1, No. 2, August, 2010 2010-023X In another lease by Anderson and Young [21], the relationship among organizational and contextual variables, such as organizational structures, task characteristics, management support, information technology and ABC success was examined.\r\nThe result confirmed the importance of organizational factors (top management support and adequacy resources) during the ABC implementation stage. In South Africa, Sartorius et al. [27] carried out a broadcast survey to investigate the effect of organizational factors such as top management, adequate resources, coherence with organizational goals and strategy on ABC success. They found top management support and resources were the all-important(a) factors in explaining ABC success. In the UK, Innes and Mitchell [4] and [12] surveyed the boundary of ABC adoption among largest firms.\r\nThe ruminate aimed to find out factors influencing ABC success by using behavioral and organizational variables, and it was found that top management influenced ABC success significantly. In another landing field conducted by Khalid [28] using a questionnaire survey among the largest coulomb firms in Saudi Arabia, ABC adoption was found to be positively related to diversity of products. In Malaysia, Ruhanita et al. [29] conducted a hop out survey and a boldness study to examine that factors influencing ABC success, especially at adoption stage.\r\nThey found the significant factors were cost distortion, decision usefulness, information technology and organizational factors. In addition, the findings showed that decision usefulness, top management support, link ABC to performance m easure and compensation influenced the ABC success adoption significantly. A case study of one Chinese manufacturing firm was carried by Lana and Fei [30] in China. Their research aimed to examine some key success factors pertinent to ABC implementation within Chinese organizational and pagan setting.\r\nThe research findings showed that top management support, gradable and communication structure and high similarity of dedicated professionals were the significant factors in determine ABC success implementation. Majid et al. [7] used a case study approach to reap the process of ABC implementation in a Malaysian service follow and a Malaysian manufacturing company. In this research, they categorize ABC implementation into initiation and adoption, design, implementation and use of information.\r\nThe purpose of the research was to find out the problems faced during ABC implementation, He found that the factors determining ABC success were top management support, suitable ABC so ftware, and finally, ensuring that all affected employees understand and move in the ABC implementation stage. And they also found that at different stages of ABC, the governing factors influencing ABC success were also different. Colin et al. [31] pick out behavioral and organizational factors summarized by Shield (1995) to examine factors influencing the adoption and degree of success of ABC systems and determinants of that success.\r\nIn their research, the targeted research uni rhythm was manufacturing and service firms in the UK. They found that top management support, non-accounting ownership, adequate training provided to ABC determined the ABC success. Besides behavioral, organizational and technical variable, some researchers also indicated that the dimensions of national cultures could affect the level of ABC success [32, 33]. Brewer [32] used Hofstede’s taxonomy of work-related ethnic values to examine the relationship between national culture and Activity-Base d Costing system.\r\nIn the study, Hofstede [34]’s work was applied to the case of Harris Semiconductor (HS), which has implemented ABC at plants in Malaysia and the USA. The results showed that the level of ABC success in Malaysia was higher than that of U. S due to high-power-distance and collectivist cultures in Malaysia. In addition, Supitcha and Frederick [33] also included national culture’s dimension into framework in a case study of one Thai state-owned enterprise’s budgeting system.\r\nThey found that due to cultural differences, modifications were required when the organizations in Thailand tested to implement ABC system in Thai environment. Apart from national culture, corporal culture factors were also tested by prior research. Baird, Harrison and Reeve [17] conducted a study to investigate the relationship between the effect of ABC adoption and the organizational variables of sizing and decision usefulness of cost information and business unit cu lture. In their research, data were collected by a mail survey questionnaire and samples were randomly selected from business units in Australia.\r\nThe research finding showed significant relationships between ABC adoption and decision usefulness, cultural dimensions of outcome orientation and tight verse loose control. Baird, Harrison and Reeve [16] examined the relationship between success of activity management practices and organizational factors (top management support, training, link to performance evaluation and compensation, and link to quality initiatives), and organizational culture (outcome orientation, team orientation, direction to detail, as well as innovation).\r\nThey adopted a survey questionnaire method on randomly chosen business units in Australia. The findings showed that two organizational factors (top management support, link to quality initiatives) explained the variations in success of activity management practices, such as ABC, and outcome orientation an d attention to detail of organizational culture were associated with ABC success. They also stressed that compared with organizational culture, organizational factors had stronger associations with the ABC.\r\n'

'Role of MIS: Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace\r'

'The cultivation grow came upon us. As a c erstpt, or peak of human history, it suggests a scrap of propositions. It implies that at that place is overmuch learning now than incessantly before an undisputable claim. The concept in like manner implies that to a greater extent people spend more cartridge clip producing and using more tuition than ever before a nonher indisputable assertion.\r\nIn recent years and for the predictable future, organizations pay been facing rapidly ever-changing clientele environss which have ch every(prenominal)enged their executives (both Management instruction Systems (MIS) and non-MIS) to handle comebacks much(prenominal) as downsizing, outsourcing, leveraged buyouts, strategic alliances, flexible manu particularuring, estimable-in-time scheduling, globalization, tune process re-engineering and lens nucleus quality management. These environmental changes have rigid demands on there MIS departments to support harvest-feast inno vation, saucy production techniques and changing organisational designs and to provide timely, high-quality information.\r\nThe introduction of the network, electronic mail, and other forms of electronic communication has revolutionized the piece of work and given come to unsanded and modifyd argument practices, including widespread access to information and instant communication among suppliers, customers, and employees. Management encourages employees to make full example of these new electronic tools to further the come withs business objectives and that is where Management Information Systems atomic number 18 employed. However, change magnitude workout of electronic communication has spawned new forms of employee misconduct.\r\nAs management responds to employee ab expend of electronic communications, the tension surrounded by management advertizes and employee retirement fights is heightened. Management wants to be free to richly monitor electronic communicati ons to jibe that they be use for legitimate business purposes in the fellowships best interests. Employees seek to safeguard their silence and want the freedom to use these new electronic tools for personal and business purposes. This ongoing struggle †between covert and management fights †underlies the legal issues arising from employee e-mail and net use well-nigh the world.\r\nData epitome\r\nThe extended theory founded on this core belief divides U.S. economic history into antithetic eras, depending on the primary economic employment during the period (Dun provoke 1994). From colonial times until deeply in the 19th degree Celsius, the American thrift was agrarian. Then, roughly from the dawn of the 20th century through the end of the Second human beings War, it was preeminently a manufacturing rescue. Industry curiously heavy industry was the motor that group the entire economic engine. After cosmea War II, the American delivery more and more came t o be dominated by its help sector. By the mid-1950s, more than angiotensin converting enzyme-half of all U.S. employment was devoted to providing gos preferably than to fabricating goods (Duncan 1994).\r\nThe Pre-Information Age business sanction was support by the hierarchical managerial remains to keep track of employees and the work they produced (Dmytrenko 1992). chest equipment included information producing tools, such as typewriters and adding machines. near of the equipment was simple, manual in operation, bulky, and noisy. clerical staff primarily used this equipment, as they were the appointed information processors of the time. Early efforts to improve office efficiency used industrial engineering techniques, employing time and motion studies to regula get up the work tasks of office support staff, and maximize the workflow through effective office design.\r\nInformation management was categorized as an intensely manual recordkeeping process (Dmytrenko 1992). fil e systems (alpha and/or numeric), and cross-referenced indexes were the prevailing records management techniques employed, and to be on the safe side, offices maintained bigeminal copies of the aforesaid(prenominal) document for back-up purposes. These practices resulted in change magnitude demands for office space dedicated to files.\r\nThe Information Age is reshaping the office of the 2000s. One reference work of confusion is the fact that the movements from manufacturing to services, and then to information, were of a different character than in introductory transitions. In the first place, while the transition from an agricultural to a manufacturing-based economy was tag by a decline in the number of jobs in agriculture, there has been no such diminution in the number of manufacturing jobs after the shift to a service economy. Moreover, American manufacturing currently accounts for roughly the same percentage of U.S.\r\nGross Domestic ware (GDP) as three decades ago (Du ncan 1994). Changes are taking place in the organizational structure and operations of businesses. Identifying and handling let out issues in the MIS is essential for executives to support and mesh their organizations efficiently and effectively. The investigation of the key issues by re seekers serves to enhance the empathiseing of the concerns of executives and suggest relevant areas of investigation by management re appearers.\r\nEmployers are relate that their employees are spending a considerable amount of time on the earnings, browsing and sending e-mails regarding subjects that are in all unrelated to their job duties during work hours. In addition to harming productivity, employee access to the profit creates more opportunities for employees to immerse in virtually susceptible speech that could create liability for the employees and their employers.\r\nMost worri around is the possibility that computers are used to download pornography or materials fetid to minori ties which may then be distri justed around the office in electronic attachments or printed and purviewed by groups of employees. Such conduct could in turn lead to harassment complaints by employees. The widespread and rapid distrisolelyion of wretched or discriminatory material can poison a work environment and may also give rise to criminal charges.\r\nThe ability of employees to transfer company information via e-mail that does not have sufficient confidentiality protection, such as a nondisclosure agreement, to outsiders puts that information at risk of losing its office as a trade surreptitious and puts the employer at a distinct disadvantage with the loss of information. Employers might wish to assort or discharge employees who jeopardize company proprietary information.\r\nThe cyberspace also contains stop protected by right of first publication or other proprietary fights, opening up the potential for direct, vicarious, or contributory copyright infringement liabil ity claims against employers should the information be downloaded and utilized without the proper authority.\r\nAt rough-cut law, the employer is vicariously liable for torts committed by an employee in the course of his or her employment. Therefore, the belief attaches to the employers responsibility for the knobbed conduct of the employee without the conception of fault on the part of the employer. However, this article of faith does not absolve the employee from liability for tortuous conduct, and the employer may, in fact, claim an indemnification against the employee for moneys paying to a third party collectible to vicarious responsibility.\r\nFor these reasons, many employers have begun monitor employees use of e-mall and the Internet which raises issues related to the employees fight to screen and about the new privacy legislation. It is becoming more universal for unbefitting and illegal Internet usage to be the determining factor in employee discipline and dismiss als in coalescenceized settings. The only dubiety to be determined now is whether the impertinent e-mails and Internet usage are just cause for dismissal. Arbitrators weigh each fact situation to determine the extent of the disciplinal offense and the appropriateness of management responses in the context of the collective agreement.\r\nAlthough e-mail is seeming included in the definition of â€Å"telecommunication,” the substantive issue lies in whether or not e-mail supervise on a computer desktop or boniface falls within the definition of â€Å"intercept.” due to the way that e-mail is transmitted, it is unlikely that it could be intercepted as defined in the sinful regulation. â€Å"Intercept” means interference between the place of origin and the place of name and address of the communication (Rasky, 1998).\r\nE-mail is transmitted from one computer through (usually) two Internet Service Providers onto a network server, and once that is complet e so is the transmission. Consequently, the e-mail is alone just waiting to be retrieved by the recipient from the network. As a result, an employer that views a centre which has been sent and saved onto a companys server is not truly intercepting the message within the meaning of the Criminal Code (Coon and Cocker, 2001).\r\nThere is no definitive impression on who owns the e-mail in the issue of e-mail sent or authoritative by an employee via his or her employers computer system. This could be argued in two ways. One view is that e-mail sent or acquire in this context is property of the employer, to which an employee maintains no bonny expectation of privacy. Thus, a search of e-mail in the workplace is really nothing more than a search of an employers property (Rasky, 1998, p. 221).\r\nA second purview is to view sent or standard e-mail as the property of the employee. Employers cite employees e-mail addresses and allow employees to have e-mail passwords. Thus, this app roach suggests that employees have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their workplace e-mail (Mclsaac, 2000, p. 2-86).\r\nThe courts to date have not specifically addressed the issue of e-mail privacy within the workplace, although it was held in R. v. Weir (1998) that an individuals stem e-mail via the Internet â€Å"ought to carry a reasonable expectation of privacy.” Therefore, as Internet and e-mail monitoring becomes more commonplace in the workplace, the only deterrent to employers may be couched in terms of the new privacy legislation and the required coincide that volition be required of an employee when an employer wishes to monitor.\r\nThe think would then be shifted to one of the grounds of the substance of implementation of the consent and monitoring policy along with the various factors inbuilt in that implementation such as the notice given to the employee of the search policy, the uncloudedness of the policy, and the fairness of the administration of the policy (McIsaac, 2000, p. 2-87).\r\n proof\r\nThe Information Age suggests that the role of information is more important in the economy than ever before, and that information is replacing some earlier â€Å"fuel” of the American economy (Duncan 1994). These days the primary problem for some organizations and their employees is not the shortage of data but being able to evaluate what is reusable and what is not, where to find the good stuff, and then how to use it effectively.\r\nThe rapidly increasing use of Internet and e-mail in the workplace has introduced multiform issues related to the areas of potential liability of employers arising from the illicit use of the Internet and e-mail by employees, as well as creating numerous privacy issues which must soon be addressed by all employers †union and nonunion. If employers specify and disseminate clear and elliptical e-mail and Internet use policies, they allow be able to significantly avoid the risk associat ed with employee misconduct in this area. non only should the policies be clear and concise, but they should also be communicated to the employees in such a fashion that all employees understand the policy and the consequences of breaching that policy.\r\nEmployers can be concerned that their investments and MIS tools are being misused by employees, but at the same time clear communication and respect for the fights of employees and their privacy will encourage a positive, healthful work environment along with a decreased risk for potential liability for all parties involved. We agree that the Canadian Courts and arbitrators will need to make a conjunctive effort to understand the new technology and the various problems that arise as a result of that technology and then chafe a balance between employee fights to engage in concerted activities vs. employer property and entrepreneurial fights.\r\nReferences\r\nCoon, Kevin & Jonathan Cocker. (2001) Legal go forths of E-mail an d Internet Access in the Workplace. Internet and E-Commerce truth in Canada 1. January 2001: 81-87\r\nDuncan, Joseph W., (1994) The Information Age on Shaky Foundations, Challenge, 05775132, Jan/Feb94, Vol. 37, Issue 1\r\nMclsaac, Barbara. (2000). virtue of Privacy in Canada. Scarborough: Carswell.\r\nRasky, Holly L. (1998). Can an Employer attempt the Contents of Its Employees E-mail? 220 Advocates Quarterly 20: 221-28\r\nDmytrenko, April, L., (1992) The information age has arrived or `much ado about everything, Records Management Quarterly, 10502343, Oct92, Vol. 26, Issue 4\r\n \r\n \r\n \r\nCase:\r\nR. v. Weir (1998) 213 A.R. 285 (Q.B.)\r\n \r\n \r\n'

'Golden Valley Foods, Inc. Essay\r'

'In this case, that Neal Middleton is trying to decide why G ageden valley Foods, inc., isn’t as bankable as it once was. I would suggest to Neil Middleton to do a big change in the confederacy’s policy, and do market segmentation. Golden Valley Foods has a line-forcing policy, requiring any retentivity that wants to carry its shop name to carry most of 65 items in the Golden Valley Foods line. This policy, resulted in a lessen in its gross sales. Unfortunately, smaller stores be not for the most part to accept the Golden Valley Foods policy. Then most of their sales come from major supermarket chain store such as Safeway, Kroger, and A$P. According to the pass away president of the company said â€Å"The influence of our old parent company is still with us.\r\nAs tenacious as new products look like they result increase the company’s sales volume, they are introduced. traditionally, there has been little, if any, attention paid to margins. we are su bstantially aware that profits will come through with(predicate) good products produced in large volume.” I find that, by reducing the large amount of items in the policy Golden Valley Foods could increase its sales; merchandise is the process of discovering and translating consumer needs and wants into product and supporter specifications, creating demand for these products and services and then, in turn, expanding the demand. Goods and services do not move automatically from the makers to the users. A marketing segment is a meaningful buyer conference having similar wants. Market segmentation is the process of class buyers into different categories having common desires or needs. Thus, segmentation is a consumer oriented marketing strategy.; that could increase the sales as well.\r\n'

'Philosophy Of Education Based On Curriculum Perspectives Education Essay\r'

'Gregory & A ; Ripski ( 2008 ) explains the effects of devising trust and edifice bonds with bookmans, â€Å" A relational bam may gain educatee cooperation via savants ‘ regainings of their instructors as trustworthy and legitimate authorization figures ” . Teachers moldiness(prenominal) be leaders inside and external the drillroom. The instructor ‘s function is to first constitute zero to swear and esteem in their schoolroom. By making a schoolroom scene that is safe and agreeable ; scholars ‘ motive and energy towards larning is straight wedged explains Eccles & A ; Roeser ( 2003 ) , â€Å" It has been suggested that due to the developmental signifi fuckce of relationships during adolescence ( peculiarly relationships outside the household ) , a socially confirmative school atmosphere leave al integrity advance lordly pedantic and societal results in immature people ” as cited in Associating faculty member Social Environ ments, Ego-Identity formation, Ego Virtues and academician Success ( Good & A ; Adams 2008 ) . The key of a sure-fire instructor is understanding how they became the instructors they which straight impacts pupil success. Student success is straight relationship to a safe schoolroom scene, positive relationships with pupils, and the desire to larn.\r\nI believe that each kid possesses the ability to be undefeated no affair what their environs. Each pupil has a alone personality that with individualised be can happen success in whatsoever they set their head to construct. I believe that pupils should be able to draw off aim an instruction in an environment that is safe, and fulfilling to everyone involved. It is my belief that each kid possesses a flap inside them and the function of the pedagogue is to tackle that luster and arrive energy ( desire ) of the pupil to larn.\r\n some(prenominal) first twelvemonth pedagogues receive advice such as â€Å" do non smile unt il December ” and â€Å" Let pupils push aside in the beginning, so they know they learn you ” , goon et Al ( 2008 ) argues, â€Å" Unfortunately, excessively many instructors begin their handicraft without a tool kit full of schemes for unpack offing pupil acquisition. Therefore, they end up bringing up pupils with force and menaces ” . With this attitude educating the pupils of today is a losing conflict. The attack pedagogues tear into their schoolroom sing pupils can at last order the success of the pupils behaviorally and academically, â€Å" Educators can construct go schools by cognizing, swearing, authorising, linking, and honouring all their pupils ” ( Hoffman & A ; Lavek 2008 ) . The cogent prove comes from the pupils ‘ success.\r\nThe intent of instruction is to enable pupils to go successful in their lives. As an pedagogue I must larn what is of import to my pupils and what will see them pull round in mundane life. Taking what is of import to them combine with the Georgia Performance Standards will assist to ca-ca their single success. I believe effectual instructors should make this every twenty-four hours every snowflake computable as relate all acquisition to the innovation around the pupils insideng it meaningful to them.\r\nConstructing Relationships\r\nRelationships argon non built in an blink of an eye. Time builds bonds with pupils. Relationships do non come all over dark between pupils and instructors, nevertheless the even up purposeless making these bonds nurture a successful schoolroom, â€Å" The clip required to develop relationships with pupils may be significant. even so without this clip, the loath scholar may neer go engaged in larning ” ( lummox, Moore, & A ; Simmons 2008 ) . A successful school is a topographic point where instructors take the clip to larn more or less their pupils as declargond by Hoffman & A ; Lavek ( 2008 ) , â€Å" To make schools that function as individualized communities of larning instead than anon. establishments where some pupils tactual sensation they belong and others feel ignored, we must cognize our students-how they think, what they need, and what they deficiency ” . Relationships in the schoolroom and off from academically puting lead the possible to impact the pupils instantly every bit good as supply a eternal last impact.\r\nClassroom Environment\r\nTeachers many time can make a nurturing environment or cold schoolroom by the manner they apprehend certain pupils. The incrimination is frequently passed on to the pupil as a deficiency of motive or duty, except the instructors may be the incrimination. As cited in, antipathetic Teacher, Ladson-Billings ( 2006 ) indicates that instructors who define pupils in such footings create a schoolroom environment that is no longer a topographic point of acquisition and high outlooks, but instead a topographic point grow in control and direct ion. Such conditions will non assist the loath scholar become successful ( Landsman et al.2008 ) . Students want to birth that they are of import. They want to experience as if they belong, and have a interest in what they are making in the schools, â€Å" loath scholars need to experience that they are heard, that their narratives, their voices, their inquiries, and their parts affair. The best instructors make pupil voices the centre of the category ” ( Landsman et al 2008 ) .\r\nMy end is to do learning merriment and take every docile minute to the benefit of my pupils. In order to supply my pupils with a route constitute to success ; I am committed to utilizing refreshful and advanced techniques every bit good as go oning to turn professionally. I will make a stimulating ambiance wrapped with positive strengthener, so pupils can turn and maturate emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially.\r\nAcademic Achievement and Behavior\r\nFostering relationships wher e the pupils trust and have a relationship with their instructor lead to a well run schoolroom academically and behaviorally. Students who feel their environment in secure and understand the outlooks are more likely to back up and incline for their instructor describes Stuhlman, Hamre, & A ; Pianta ( 2002 ) , â€Å" since the schoolroom is the puting where pupils execute on a day-to-day footing, doing it a more supportive environment may hold more present(prenominal) and longer-lasting effects on results such as deportment and attending ” . Another factor is behavior jobs and wretched academic accomplishment is motive. Students who are non motivated are more likely to hold behavior issues or academic jobs. Dissecting the pupils ‘ involvements to research how to actuate their acquisition will engender a schoolroom where pupils are involuntary to work, â€Å" by developing and presenting such schemes, pedagogues facilitate the edifice of positive relationships between instructors and pupils that can supply the motive, enterprise, and contest which are indispensable for academic success ” ( Stuhlman et al 2002 ) .\r\nCollaboration is the following key to pupil success. Without the support of the parents and/or defenders and all pedagogues involved so larning is jeopardized. Educators can non trust to accomplish success without back uping one another and the support of the parents. Students can make higher(prenominal) degrees of larning when all grownups involved in their acquisition support take their educational growing beyond the walls of the school.\r\nGregory, A. , & A ; Ripski, M. ( 2008 ) . Adolescent trust in instructors: Deductions for behaviour in high\r\nschool schoolroom. School Psychology Review, 37 ( 3 ) 337-353.\r\nGood, & A ; Adams, . ( 2008 ) . Associating academic societal environments, ego-identity formation, ego\r\nvirtuousnesss and academic success. Adolescence, 43 ( 170 ) , 221-236.\r\nHansen, K. ( 2 008 ) . Rewriting Bildung for Postmodernity: Books on educational Philosophy,\r\nClassroom Practice, and Reflective Teaching. Curriculum Inquiry, 38 ( 1 ) , 93-115.\r\ndoi:10.1111/j.1467-873X.2007.00399.x\r\nHoffman, D. , & A ; Levak, B. ( 2003 ) . Personalizing schools. educational leading 61 ( 1 ) 30-34.\r\nLandsman, J. , Moore, T. , & A ; Simmons, R. ( 2008 ) . Loath instructors, studyal Leadership,\r\n65 ( 6 ) 62-66.\r\nSlater, L. ( 2004 ) . Relationship-driven instruction cultivates coaction and inclusion body\r\nKappa Delta Pi Record 40 ( 2 ) .\r\nStickney, J. ( 2006 ) . Deconstructing Discourses about ‘New Paradigms of Teaching ‘ : A\r\nFoucaultian and Wittgensteinian position. Educational Philosophy & A ; Theory, 38 ( 3 ) ,\r\n327-371. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2006.00198.x.\r\nStuhlman, M. , Hamre, B. , & A ; Pianta, R. ( 2002 ) . Advancing the teen/teacher connexion. The\r\nEducation Connection, 68 ( 3 ) , 15-17.\r\n'

'Nike Company Background\r'

'Ab fall out Nike Inc.Nike, Inc. /ˈnaɪkiː/ is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design, reading and worldwide marketing and selling of footgear, cut back, equipment, accessories and services. The come with is headquartered confining Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan ara, and is one of only two Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Oregon. It is one of the worlds largest suppliers ofathletic situation and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment, with tax income in excess of US$24.1 billion in its fiscal year 2012 (ending may 31, 2012). As of 2012, it sedulous more than 44,000 people worldwide.The marking alone is determine at $10.7 billion, do it the most valuable brand among sports patronagees. The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as Blue ribbon Sports by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978. The company takes its name from Nike ( Hellenic ΝίκΠ·, pronounced [nǐːkɛː]), the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its mathematical products down the stairs its own brand, as nearly as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Skateboarding, and subsidiaries including Hurley International and Converse.Nike also owned Bauer field hoc unwrap (later renamed Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile jocks and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of â€Å" still Do It” and the lave logo. (source : Wikipedia.org)Origins and HistoryNike, originally cognize as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by University of Oregon row athlete Philip Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a allocator for Japanese shoe mentionr Onitsuka tiger (now ASICS), makin g most sales at sign meets out of Knights automobile. According to Otis Davis, a student athlete whom Bowerman coached at the University of Oregon, who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics, Bowerman make the stolon pair of Nike berth for him, contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight. Says Davis, â€Å"I told Tom Brokaw that I was the number one. I dont occupy what all the billionaires say.Bill Bowerman made the inaugural pair of clothe for me. People dont believe me. In fact, I didnt want the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I see Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine.” In 1964, in its offshoot year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese cart track shoes grossing $8,000. By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full- term employee and sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, set(p) at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California next to a beauty salon, so its employees no longer needed to sell strain from the back of their cars.In 1967, due to rapidly increasing sales, BRS grow retail and distribution operations on the eastern United States Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts. By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end. BRS prepared to launch its own distinction of footwear, which would turn out the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson. The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18, 1971, and was registered with the U.S. plain and Trademark Office on January 22, 1974. In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, as its first advertising effect.The succeeding(a) year, the theatrical created the first â€Å"brand ad” for Nike, called â€Å"There is no finish line,” in which no Nike product was shown. By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market ploughshare in the U.S. athletic shoe market, and the company went national in December of that year. Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many score and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nikes primary ad agency. It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous slogan â€Å"Just Do It” for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the twentieth century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution.Walt Stack was featured in Nikes first â€Å"Just Do It” advertisement, which debuted on July 1, 1988.Wieden credit the inspiration for the slogan to â€Å"Let’s do it,” the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore in the first place he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world In 1990, Nike moved into its eight-building World Headquarters campus in Beaverton, Oregon. (source : Wikipedia.org)AcquisitionsNike has acquired some(a)(prenominal) apparel and f ootwear companies over the course of its history, some of which have since been sold. Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear company Cole Haan in 1988, followed by the secure of Bauer Hoc expose in 1994. In 2002, Nike bought surf apparel company Hurley International from founder Bob Hurley In 2003, Nike paid US$309 million to acquire Converse, makers of the purge Taylor All-Stars line of sneakers.The company acquired Starter in 2004 and Umbro, known as the manufacturers of the England national football teams kit, in 2008. In order to refocus on its core business lines, Nike began divesting of some of its subsidiaries in the 2000s. It sold Starter in 2007 and Bauer Hockey in 2008. The company sold Umbro in 2012, and Cole Haan in 2013 as of 2013, Nike owns two key subsidiaries: Converse Inc. and Hurley International. (source : Wikipedia.org)ProductsNike pees a wide range of sports equipment. Their first products were track ravelning shoes. They currently also make shoes , jerseys, shorts, baselayers, etc. for a wide range of sports, including track and field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, association football (soccer),lacrosse, basketball, and cricket. Nike Air scoop is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors.In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high-performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind. Nike sells an mixture of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities like association football, basketball, running,combat sports, tennis, American football, athletics, golf, and cross training for men, women, and children. Nike also sells shoes for out-of-door activities such as tennis, golf, skateboarding, association football, baseball, American football, cycling , volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, auto racing, and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike is well known and popular in youth gardening, chav culture and hip hop culture for their supplying of urban fashion clothing. Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product that monitors a runners performance via a radiocommunication device in the shoe that links to the iPod nano.While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users RFID devices from 60 feet (18 m) away using small, concealable intelligence motesin a wireless sensor network. In 2004, Nike launched the SPARQ Training Program/Division. few of Nikes newest shoes contain Flywire and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight. On July 15, 2009, the Nike+ Sports Band was released in stores. The product records distance run and calories expended, keeps time, and also gives runners new programs online they could try running. Th e 2010 Nike Pro competitiveness jersey collection were worn by teams from the following universities: Miami, Alabama, Boise State University, Florida, Ohio State, Oregon State University, Texas Christian University, Virginia Tech, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh. Teams will wear these jerseys in key matchups as well as any time the athletic department deems it necessary. (source : Wikipedia.org)Location & ManufacturingNike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States. Most of the factories are located in Asia, including Indonesia, China, Taiwan, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, and Malaysia. Nike is hesitant to disclose information closely the contract companies it works with. However, due to harsh critique from some organizations like CorpWatch, Nike has disclosed information most its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report.\r\n'