Environmental Science Review Sheet :: essays research papers

ENVIORMENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW SHEET1)     Mutation- a random change in one or more genes of organisms. Mutations may occur impromptu in nature, but exposure radiation and/or other chemicals vastly increase their number and degree. 2)     Natural selection- the bring whereby the natural factors of environmental resistance scarper to eliminate those members of the universe of discourse that are least well adapted to cope and thus, in effect select those best adapted for survival and reproduction.3)     Speciation-the evolutionary process whereby populations of a single species separate and, though being exposed to different forces of natural selection, gradually develop into distinct species. 4)     Selective pressure-An environmental factor that causes individuals with definite traits, which are not the norm for the population, to survive and reproduce more then rest of the population. The result is a shift in the genetic makeup of the population5)     Selective breeding- breeding of certain individuals because they bear certain traits and the exclusion from breeding of others. 6)     Tectonic plates- huge slabs of rocks which make up the earths crust. 7)     Igneous rock- produced under conditions involving intense hot up "igneous rock is rock formed by solidification from a molten state especially from molten magma" "igneous fusion is fusion by heat alone.8)     Metamorphic rock- Pertaining to, produced by, or exhibiting, certain changes which minerals or rocks may have undergone since their original deposition -- especially applied to the recrystallization which sedimentary rocks have undergone through the settle of heat and pressure, after which they are called metamorphic rocks.9)     Sedimentary rock- rock formed from consolidated clay sediments10)  &nbs p  Aquifer- An underground bed or layer of earth, gravel, or porous stone that yields wet.11)     Capillary water system- water that clings in small pores, cracks, and spaces against the pull of gravity, like water held in a sponge. 12)     Aquitard- 13)     Condensation- collecting of molecules from the vapor state to form the luculent state, as for example, water vapor condenses on a cold surface to from water droplets. 14)     Desalinization- process that purify seawater into high quality drinking water via distillation or micro-filtration.15)     Infiltration- the process that water soaks into the solid as oppose to running off the surface. 16)      Groundwater- water that has accumulated in the ground completely selection and saturating all pores and spaces in rock and/or soil. Groundwater is free to move more of less readily. It is the reservoir f or springs and wells and is replenished by infiltration of surface water. 17)      Percolation- the process of water seeping through cracks and pores in the sold or rock.

The Interplay between Emotion and Reason Essay -- Psychology Essays

The Interplay between Emotion and ReasonAnd this is of course the difficult job, is it not to move the spirit from its nowhere pedestal to a somewhere place, while preserving its dignity and importance. I cry. There is pressure behind my eyes, my skin turns blotchy and my lips tremble, and mucus clogs my airways, making it difficult to breath. I hate repetitive in front of others not because I want to hide how upset I am, but because the second that most people perceive my activated conjure as fragile, they assume my reasoning and mental functions argon also not sound. The outward expression of an inward instability is something we save for those who we know and trust best. They do not view our emotionality as a weakness, they already know us to be strong. Crying is represented in our culture as a lack of control. When upset, the ideal is to keep a cool head (and a poker face), not allowing emotions to enter into the decision making process. However, I submit that without our emotional base, rationality would have no reason or foundation upon which to operate. A multitude of opinions are found on the subject are emotions more a function of the heart or of the head? According to Antonio Damasio (1), emotions and feelings are an integral part of all thought yet we as humans spend frequently of our time attempting to disregard and hide them. In the view of source (2), experience is the result of integration of cognition and feelings. In either view, it remains indisputable that emotions are not what we typically make them out to be the unwanted step-sister of our cultural sweetheart reason. Reason in our culture denotes intelligence, cognition, and control. Emotions seems such a scary excogitation to our collective m... ...tenderness, and luster gone. Is this also reflective of some human insecurity? Not until we can bridge the illusioned gap between our emotions and our cognition can we reckon fully the relationship between our brain and our beha vior. References1) A.R. Damasio, Descartes Error, 19942) Thinking, Emotions, and the Brainhttp//www.drweitz.com/scientific/brain.htm3) From Neurobiology to Psychopathology Integrating Cognition and Emotion, on the NIMH websitehttp//www.nimh.nih.gov/diva/neuropsych.cfm4) Laughing out Loud to replete(p) Health.http//library.thinkquest.org/25500/index2.htm?tqskip1=1&tqtime=04165) William Shakespeare (15641616). The Oxford Shakespeare. 1914. , on the bartleby website.http//www.bartleby.com/70/2041.html 6 Theories of Emotion--Understanding our own Emotional Experience. http//www.bartleby.com/70/2041.html

Nike Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis Shoe Industry

Since being founded in 1962, Nike has grown from a small fledgling shoe retailer into a world-wide corporate giant. During its prime(prenominal) year, gross sales for Nike were $8000, but as of November 30th, annual sales for Nike were over 12 billion dollars. (hoover) Although Nike already dominates the sporting world, there are many opportunities for growth. According to our research, key strategic challenges facing Nike are increased competition from Adidas with their technological shoe, the Adidas One, and a potentially fatal inability to enter a modernistic growth market much(prenominal) as the extreme point sports market. Our recommendations to help Nike confront these challenges consist of developing a product to remain competitive with Adidas, and alike an aggressive move into the extreme sports market. Our first recommendation for Nike is to develop a shoe that will compete with the new, technologically advanced Adidas One running shoe. The Adidas One, which wil l be avail fit in edge 2005 at a cost of $250 dollars, is a high-end, high-tech athletic shoe. Features of the Adidas One running shoe include sensors that measure how much compression is put on the heel of the shoe with each feeling, a microprocessor that can adjust the cushion of the heel based upon roughness or softness of the terrain, buttons that allow for different facilitate levels to be set, and a lithium-ion battery that decision about 100 hours. (time-sporting life) With their new shoe, Adidas threatens to capture some market share in the running shoe segment. This stands to be a substantial amount of lost profits if Nike is not able to compete. Fortunately, Nike is already well established in the athletic shoe industry. It should be able to utilize its strength of brand equity compete effectively with the Adidas One. According to market research from NPD Group, running is heart and soul of the athletic shoe industry. Americans last year spent over 4.5 billion dollars on running apparel, accounting for 25 percent of all money spent on athletic shoes and making them the top category in athletic footwear. (Knight Ridder Tribune) We recommend that Nike produce a shoe that not only exceeds the technological capabilities of the Adidas One shoe, but also offers a more affordable approach to high tech footwear. Currently it is estimated that serious runners buy an average of 3 to 4 pairs of shoes per year. At 250 dollars ... ...e been implemented, this step helps to acknowledge success and hard work of employees. By reinforcing the good behaviors of employees, Nike can ensure future success and help create a new positioning quo. The fifth and final step is evaluation. Management needs to know whether the change has had the intended effects (Lewis). By evaluating the implementations, Nike can ensure that its actions have been effective. For example, if it is determined that creating a new shoe is not working Nike can halt production of the shoe before further losses are incurred. Equally, evaluating the profitability of the move into the extreme sports market can help Nike determine whether it should continue funding advertisements and sponsorships. In conclusion, we recommend Nike use the five steps for planned change as a tool to help implement our recommendations of creating a new technological running shoe and entering the extreme sports market. These steps include creating a vision, communicating the vision, empowering employees, institutionalizing the new behavior, and finally evaluating the success. By using these steps, Nike can ensure a smooth transition when in implements our recommendations.

Hamlet Essay: Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia -- comparison compare

Hamlet a Comparison of Gertrude and Ophelia Even though at opposite ends of the courtly society in the halls of Elsinore, the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet have much in common. This essay intends to explore that commonality. Howard Felperin in his essay Oerdoing Termagant illustrates one point of similarity amongst these two female characters they are both recipients of Hamlets ill-will. Here he describes Hamlets verbal attack on Gertrude in the jam scene Even Gertrude vaguely perceives that Hamlets speech is inspired more by ancient texts than by any immediate situation Ay me, what act, / That roars so loud and thunders in the index? (III.iv.51-52) Here, as in so much of the play, we are confronted not with the ravings of a disordered personality but with the heroic fierceness of the prophets role. Moreover, Gertrudes terms are theatrical as well as bookish. They recall Hamlets own caveats to t he players about mouthing lines, tearing a passion t o tatters, and splitting the ears of the groundlings. Surely at this moment Hamlet oerdoes Termagant and out-herods Herod, oersteps the modesty of nature, and violates his own neoclassical doctrines of decorum in speech and action as flagrantly as the most unreformed ham among the tragedians of the city. In sum, Hamlet turns the stage during the closet scene into something nigh akin to the older theatrum mundi of Termagant and Herod, as he recasts the experience of the play into a straightforward morality drama in which everyone has a clear-cut and conventional role . . .. (103) Other critics agree that both women are recipients of Hamlets ill-will. In the Introduction to Twentieth Century I... ...ntieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet. Ed. David Bevington. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Rpt. from An Approach to Hamlet. Stanford, CT Stanford University Press, 1961. Pennington, Michael. Ophelia Madness Her Only Safe Haven. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from Hamlet A Users Guide. New York Limelight Editions, 1996. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Rpt. from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Wilson, John Dover. What Happens in Hamlet. New York Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Essay --

Erika Poeling 6R Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald was a great role model to many people including the members of some(prenominal) bands that she played in. She inspired the people of her generation and those after to pursue their dreams. She loved children that like to play and do other maneuver stuff that she liked to do when she was a kid. She wanted to make people happy by relation. She is tell apartn as The First Lady of Jazz.Ella Fitzgerald was an African-American that was born on April 25th, 1917 in Newport News, Virginia. She was left wing in a park at age 4 by accident and got sent to an orphanage, but her mom, Temperance, was able to get her back a a few(prenominal) days later. Her family was very poor and racial segregation was wide spread in the United States during this time. Her mom got divorced from Ellas father, William, shortly after she was born. later on th e divorce, Ella and her mom moved to a town in New York called Yonkers. There, her mom got married to Joseph Da Silva. In 1923 Temperance and Joseph had a daughter and named her Frances. To help leap out her family during this time, Ella cultivateed as a money runner for gamblers and bookies.Ella attended Sunday school and Bible study in addition to worship services, Here, Ella was introduced to music and singing. In school, Ella liked to dance and perform for others. When she entered fourth grade at a public school, she did not have a lot a lot friends because she did not know how to talk to others without hurting their feelings. She had to go to the school that was less expensive because they did not have that kind of money to spend on a private school. Ella had been singing since she was 4 years... ...way or something they did was bad. Older people today still listen to her music. She always had a smile on her face when she was mad or upset. She helped children to lift th e dreams to a better place by practicing with them on their career. Ella liked going to the photo both to take pictures with her friends and family but she never had the time for all of the fun things because she always had to perform in a concert or on stage. Ella Fitzgerald is a great role model to kids and other adults. She shows us that hard work and determination can lead us to do great thing. She shows us that we should us the talents that we have. She inspired the people to go after their dreams and never give up on themselves. She loved children that wanted to peruse their dreams and she made them come true by helping them do the things that she loved to do when she was a kid.

Essay --

Erika Poeling 6R Ella Fitzgerald Ella Fitzgerald was a great role model to many people including the members of some(prenominal) bands that she played in. She inspired the people of her generation and those after to pursue their dreams. She loved children that like to play and do other diversion stuff that she liked to do when she was a kid. She wanted to make people happy by interpret. She is make loven as The First Lady of Jazz.Ella Fitzgerald was an African-American that was born on April 25th, 1917 in Newport News, Virginia. She was leftover in a park at age 4 by accident and got sent to an orphanage, but her mom, Temperance, was able to get her back a hardly a(prenominal) days later. Her family was very poor and racial segregation was wide spread in the United States during this time. Her mom got divorced from Ellas father, William, shortly after she was born. subseque ntly the divorce, Ella and her mom moved to a town in New York called Yonkers. There, her mom got married to Joseph Da Silva. In 1923 Temperance and Joseph had a daughter and named her Frances. To help endorse her family during this time, Ella fly the cooped as a money runner for gamblers and bookies.Ella attended Sunday school and Bible study in addition to worship services, Here, Ella was introduced to music and singing. In school, Ella liked to dance and perform for others. When she entered fourth grade at a public school, she did not have a lot a lot friends because she did not know how to talk to others without hurting their feelings. She had to go to the school that was less expensive because they did not have that kind of money to spend on a private school. Ella had been singing since she was 4 years... ...way or something they did was bad. Older people today still listen to her music. She always had a smile on her face when she was mad or upset. She helped children to start out the dreams to a better place by practicing with them on their career. Ella liked going to the photo both to take pictures with her friends and family but she never had the time for all of the fun things because she always had to perform in a concert or on stage. Ella Fitzgerald is a great role model to kids and other adults. She shows us that hard work and determination can lead us to do great thing. She shows us that we should us the talents that we have. She inspired the people to go after their dreams and never give up on themselves. She loved children that wanted to peruse their dreams and she made them come true by helping them do the things that she loved to do when she was a kid.

Civilizations

Renaissance is a word which means rebirth in French. In Italian, it means Rinasci handsto. Renaissance is a cultural mutation in Europe, particularly in Italy which occurred during the latter part of the Middle Ages from 14th century to 17th century. It is the period when great developments and progress in arts and acquisition occurred. It is believed that Renaissance flourished beca procedure of the so-called Black Death. People shift their ideas from spiritual life to their lives spent here on Earth. Florence gave way to the birth of renaissance. It is where great men of arts like Da Vinci, Michelangelo and even Boticelli spawned. Renaissance introduced concepts of sciences and arts which until today last.Humanism which is a process of learning was used by renaissance scholars. This system study original texts and review it using reasoning as well as empirical evidences. In arts, artists develop very sensible linear perspective. Painters in addition considered study of lighting , silhouette and anatomy to improve their works. Architects of renaissance combined mathematics with architecture. Classical style flourished. Dome shaped infrastructures, which absorbmed impossible to do was achieved. Science see scientific revolution in which the scientific method, which is based on empirical evidences, was introduced. This gave rise to development in different branches of science. During renaissance, people thrust changed the way they see God and man. It results to debates which questioned the Christianity.Aztecs and IncasAztec was a Mesoamerican empire which exists from 14th to 16th century. Aztecs have rich culture and traditions. Aztecs have human sacrifices to their gods, thus, wars continued in order to have human sacrifices. Army men do not kill their enemies instead they held them as captives which will be their human sacrifices. When there ar no wars, warriors get in into gladiatorial battle. In basis of agriculture, Aztecs argon famous for theirHan ging Garden. They were very much into gardening. In politics, the king of every city is an appointed judge. The magistrates were elected. People who move huge crimes will be sacrificed while those who committed lesser crimes will become slaves. On the other hand, the Inca Empire employs strict administration of bureaucracy. The emperor marries her sis to maintain the lineage pure. This civilization also believes in human sacrifices. But it is not always the case, because sometimes they sacrifice animals instead of humans. Other royalties hold administrative designations. Military activities are not common, only in times of troubles like wars and rebellions. There are no records of agricultural activities during the Inca Empire (Tankard, 2006).Umayyad and Abbasid CaliphatesAbbasids were able to solidify and shuffle Islamic leadership. On the other hand, Umayyad had the biggest unitary state during their rule. They are Sunni Muslims. Abbasid were from the youngest uncle of Muhammad in contrast with the Umayyad were descendants of Umayya who is from another clan. Conflict rise between the two because Abbasid caliphate they are the true descendant of Muhammad.The Umayyad military was used mainly for the expansion of their religious territory while the Abbasid army called the Mameluk was established to prevent the collapse of their rule. In terms of politics, the Abbasid caliph rule with coordination from non-Arab Muslims which contributed to the unification of Islam during their rule. Umayyad was believed to shift from a religious institution to a dynastic body.Tropical PeopleThe factors which caused social and cultural changes in the lives of equatorial people are architecture, religion, gender and learning. Expansion of Islam results to new architectural styles. Style from the Middle East and locality are fused. In learning, Islam made people fromAfrica use Arabic. Spread of Islam also introduced the study of Islamic Laws and knowledge about science, mathema tics including medicine. Social change occurred when discrepancy between the elites and the poor increased. In Africa and India, slavery became common. Slaves are tasked to do tedious works like mining, while women slaves are asked to do syndicatehold chores, they also served as entertainers. Women in the tropics were trained to do house chores which includes child rearing, cooking and some farm works. Records do not have clear accounts on the implication of Islamic rule to women in the tropics, but it is cognize that in some places, women did not practice veiling and seclusion.REFERENCESRenaissance. Retrieved April 29, 2007 .Tankard, Keith. (2006). Aztec and Inca Empire. Retrieved April 29, 2007 from http//www.knowledge4africa.co.za/worldhistory/inca13.htm

Kant & ontological proof

The basic principles of ontology are argument for introduction of God as a predicate and argument for Gods existence as a necessary existence. The first leg of the argument states God is the greatest and most perfect being that can be conceived. Existence in visual modality and reality is greater than existence in imagination only. Therefore, God really exists. The second leg of the argument is that God is the entity than which nothing greater can be conceived. It is greater to be necessary than not. God must be necessary. God necessarily exists.Kants objection to conceived God as proof of his actual existence is premised on the ability of everything that is said to exist to have some features or characteristics attributable to them. He argued that existence is not a property or the function of a thing. Anything that has the property of being non-existent cannot possibly have any other property.David Humes objection is that nothing can be proved a priori. Proving a priori is throu gh an opposite contradiction. The resultant contradiction makes something inconceivable. Nothing can be proven a priori, since it is impossible to comprehend anything not existing.Norman Malcolm, in defending the caprice of God, maintains that while it may be true that existence of God as a predicate for his reality may be unsustainable, he calls attention to other twist of the argument, which is necessary existence. He argues that where the idea of God, greater than which nothing can be conceived, is possible, it is therefore logically consistent that He necessarily exists. I checker with Malcolm. God must necessarily exist so that the existence of other beings can be traced to Him, who in himself is self existent.REFERENCE.1. Malcolm Norman (Prentice Hall, 1963), Knowledge and Certainty Essays and Lectures (Englewood Cliffs, N.).

Proctor reluctantly Essay

This powerful line comes in act 4 when adopt reluctantly confesses to seeing the devil. He is now passionate rough making sure his name doesnt get put up on the church door. This is the line that starts the incredible build up of emotion and thwarting leading to the dramatic climax of the turn of events. Saying it with a cry of his whole soul shows how much his name means to him. There isnt a more emotional way he could say it than with his whole soul. John observe would rather control up his life than his name. The exclamation mark at the fire and the al-Quran cry shows he should shout the words with a lot of emotion and passion.I can imagine the actor looking truly waste and yelling the line with his arms spread and his fists clenched in rage at the prospect of losing his dignity and reputation. I conceptualise when he says the line the different charactors will be silenced and be shocked by his flood of emotion. This abrupt line would surprise the audience and it mig ht make them sympathize with admonisher. In phone number 2 John is asked by Hale to repeat the Ten Commandments and remembers all but thou shalt not commit adultery and has to be reminded of it by Elizabeth. It is ironic that Proctor forgets this sin because of the conflict he had with Abigail.Adultery was seen as a terrible sin in the Puritan society and adultery was interpreted actually seriously. From Elizabeths perspective this would make her feel uncomfortable as she is wounded by her husbands affair Proctor (as though a secret arrow had pained his heart) Aye. The description Miller uses to show how Proctor should say the line is very dramatic and the simplicity of just using the word Aye will also have dramatic impact. I can imagine the actor almost whispering the word, dropping his head in shame and with a crack in his voice.This might have the effect of generating sympathy from the audience for both Elizabeth and John. It also adds to the build up of tension creating an expectant atmosphere. Arthur Miller is very good at making the audience feel very involved. One of the ways he does this is by using a technique called dramatic irony. melodramatic irony is when there is contradiction between what a character thinks and what the audience knows to be true. For example in Act 3 Proctor confesses to the court that he had an affair with Abigail. He tells them that Elizabeth knew about the affair and this is why his wife put Abigail out of the house.Danforth sends for Elizabeth and orders that no one is to speak to her and Proctor to turn his back. She is asked about the affair. non knowing that Procter has confessed and trying to protect Proctor, she lies and denies all knowledge of the affair between John and Abigail. She realizes too late that she should have told the truth and she is led away. During this most try scene the audience would feel very frustrated with Elizabeth and be willing her to tell the truth. The audience would feel sorry for E lizabeth as she lied to protect Proctor even though it was about his affair, which deeply hurt Elizabeth.At this point in the fit I felt desperate for Elizabeth to tell the truth. Arthur Miller uses very powerful peak directions in The Crucible. He uses them for several reasons. One of the reasons is to describe a movement or action of a character. He directs this line at Mary Warren. His wife has just been arrested on suspicion of witchcraft after a poppet is found in her house, which Mary made. This movement prep ars us for the dialogue, which is to follow Proctor (moving menacingly towards her) You will tell the court how that poppet came here and who stuck the needle in. This shows the mood that Proctor is in.Proctor is furious at Mary and wants to die her into telling the court. The movement would draw everyones attention towards the actor. I think the word menacingly would mean that the actor would walk purposely with an edge of curse towards the girl. He would tower over Mary ready for the dialogue. By this point the audience would be anticipating though his actions what would be going to happen next. In Act 4 Proctor is losing control and is confused about his decision of confessing to seeing the devil (He moves as an animal, and a fury is riding in him, a tantalized search).This stage direction would enable the actor to behave in a dramatic, inhuman manner. I can imagine the actor pacing and his eyes searching for answers. It would give the actor the opportunity to take centre stage and exploit this important twist of the play. This would add dramatic tension and a feeling of anticipation of what Proctor was going to do next. I think the actor would pace up and down the stage quickly with his body quite tensed up. I think Arthur Miller was successful in creating tension in The Crucible. He does this through a variety of methods. Firstly his use of dark, forbidding sets.This gives the idea of tension beforehand the scenes have even begun and the characters have started speaking. His use of dramatic dialogue and stage directions build up the tension and help the actors relate to the character and perform the play with more emotion towards the characters. Through dramatic irony he involves the audience and manages to maintain their interest throughout the play. Miller portrays the characters in an intense way. The relationships between them argon very close, with the stifling intimacy of their lives adding to the slow build up of hysteria in the play.I found the most dramatic moment in the play was when Proctor confessed to his affair. Elizabeth was then asked if she knew about the affair but she denied all knowledge of this. This was a particularly tense moment because solicitude and frustration was high the characters on with the audience wanted her to tell the truth, fearing the consequences of a lie. This had the affect of making me feel nervous that something could go wrong and also involved because I knew about Procto rs confession. I felt that Abigails character was especially punishing and influential in the play.She was the root of all the troubles. I felt pity for Elizabeth because of Abigail her affair with Proctor and her accusations about Elizabeths involvement in witchcraft destroyed her life. Miller has the ability to pull the audience into the lives of the characters by his use of dramatic devices and mental representation techniques, which maintain interest and participation throughout the play. Miller made me feel nervous and frustrated in The Crucible. He made me feel sympathy, fear and anxiety towards the characters.For example I felt great empathy for Elizabeth Proctor as her husband betrayed her and then she was accused of being a witch. Miller uses the other characters to portray Elizabeth as a cold person but through our knowledge of her as the play progresses we become emotionally involved with her and come to realize what a strong courageous woman she is. With Elizabeth, as with many other characters, Miller allows us to make up our own minds about their honesty and strength as we are drawn into the characters lives and we begin understand the double standards and different tensions that are operating throughout The Crucible.

Sdfsd

Works such as Plan by Jenny Seville and La Primeval by Sandra Bottling, despite being from distinctly different time periods, argon influenced by the social climate of the time and place in which they emerged. Whist Bottling inhabits a humanity influenced strongly by ethnical beliefs, Seville inhabits a secular world that is influenced mainly by media, hence their prevail over matter, the nude figure, are portrayed differently. Plan, a n OLL painting on canvas by Jenny Seville, Is a work dominated by the nude female figure who looks down toward her feet, and the stunner. The figure, who Is clearly the subject matter, is positioned so that it bes the viewer rests upon her quads. The figure Is depict in hues of blotch creams, her skin, as well as mauves and purples, alluding to lumpy textures, by chance cellulite or bruises, but undeniably flaws.The paint appears to be applied relatively quickly, in a cockeyed on wet application, evident In the colors being somewhat convoluted , but not completely blended Into en smooth and consistent color, alternatively blotchy mixes. The subject matter, the nude figure Is well built, and her stomach and thighs are covered In line reminiscent of a topographical map, or perhaps lines that a surgeon would use in surgery. Line is a dominant element in this work. Controlled and organic lines track and highlight the voluptuous forms of the curvaceous figure, frequently like a topographical map would display peaks, spurs and valleys.The proportion of the female nudes body is exaggerated by the perspective taken by Seville, making her appear very large, her thighs and stomach especially focused on. The opus Is also confronting with the pubic region, which Is often considered unsightly In todays society Is nearly central to the picture plane, indispensable by the viewers eye. The figure also takes up the majority of the work, dominating roughly two thirds of the work. This visual cant, the figure dominating the work, is re miniscent of the physical weight of the figure.The figure dominating the work almost forces the viewer to examine an image that might be considered as grotesque and flaw, confronting the viewer. Seville paints In a traditional and earthy style, depicting the subject matter, the female due, with a degree of realism. Seville inhabits a modern, secular world, so unalike figure painters before her, her paintings are not influenced by phantasmal values. Rather, Seville is influenced by social media the bombardment of images and ideas surrounding the perfect female figure, that plagues many women of today.Seville works with the idea that women are funneled into a mindset that they nominate to look a particular way slim. Hence, her works optimize heavily flagged feminist Ideology, as she exposed and De-constructs perceived strike. Her work plan Is considered grotesque by many viewers, and this is the re-action that she desires. Her works upraise questions such as why do you consider t his work as grotesque? As Seville works with what are dubbed to be flaws, and paints to antipode to what is perceived to be the noble-minded figure.Alike to Propped, Plan has a element of graffiti, with the figure appearing to have been scribbled onto with lines reminiscent of geographical sooner (cut) into the paint, hence evoking the idea of surgery. Thus, these lines serve to represent what we classify as imperfections, things we tender to remove in order to attain marvellous beauty. Seville is skeptical of the way that beauty is portrayed, especially critical of the male fantasy of what the female body is, as plan is the exact opposite of this fantasy. Plan has emphasized aspects of the female figure that would be considered flaws the pubic hair region and a voluptuous figure, and highlights our aggressive and negative office toward these by drawing over them. With Plan Seville collapses the three spaces of studio, artist and model, rather than a one way transaction where ar tist will pay a figure to do a sitting. Seville works redundantly from her own body, using several angled mirrors so that she can refer to herself and the painting whilst she works, as self examination (Seville).Seville refers to that way in which she paints as really fast and openhearted of aggressively, using thick, and chisel brushes to create large areas of skin. This is evident in the texture of the skin being quite dappled, with a lumpy, even bruised appearance, rather than a smooth and consistent texture. The Wet on wet application of oil paint is particularly evident in the figures analogous skin tones being dragged finished one and other(a), reading a varied colored surface, rather than a smooth and consistent one.Contrastingly Photocells tempura on board work, La Primeval (or Allegory of Spring), painted in in 1482 involved such(prenominal) meretricious techniques. Firstly, Photocell would have sketched the figures onto the boar, before beginning the painting. Due to t he paint pigments limited availability in the 1 fifth century, having to be shipped from places such as Northern Africa, they are very expensive. Hence, Photocell, as not to waste paint would have only mixed small amounts at a time, thus painted small sections of the painting at a time.Renaissance style. ** The work consists of 9 figures including two zephyrs, with Venus being the central figure, against the forest setting. The figures, in comparison to the lumpy dappled texture of Saukville nude in Plan, is very smooth, blended until very consistent, of a porcelain white color. The idealistic portray of the figures is typical in the Renaissance period, as the figures would have been associated with hedonist beliefs, hence had to be desirable. The composition of the work makes Venus very much the central figure in the work.All other figures are touching one another, or are cropped, arterially obscured by the border, whereas Venus stands clearly alone, separate, borders by darkness methyl leaves which contrast against her pale, white-pearl colored skin. Additionally, Venus is determined centrally, with respect to hospital and vertical axiss, whereas the other figures are situated predominantly in the lower 2 thirds of the work. Hence, dominance and emphasis is given to Venus, higher up the others, as if a revered figure, reigning over the land.The work was created as a commission for the Medici family, likely created as a celebration for the wedding between Lorenz Medici ND Semiarid Piano which took place in May 1482. Created in Renaissance Italy, in the 1 5th century, La Primeval is clearly influenced by Pagan beliefs, which influenced society heavily in that time, evident in the characters and themes in the work. Thus, the central theme of the work is one of love and marriage and a message that when they run in the correct order they bring forth sensuality and fertility.Situated leftmost in the work is Mercury (or Hermes in Greek Mythology), messenger be auty and love. Their long streamlined coverings area characteristic of Photocells painting style. The viewer sees an older version of Venus in La Primeval, as opposed to the young Venus depicted in Botulisms Birth of Venus, who is now depicted fully clothed and matured. To Venues right is Flora, God of Flowers, and to her right Chloride who is raped by Zephyrs, the figure to her right, who rapes her, and as an facial gesture of his remorse, renames her Flora, God of Flowers.Venus is surrounded by the Merely plant, which typically represents sexual desire, marriage and child-bearing. Oranges are used in the trees above as a symbol of wealth, much like they are used in Jan Van Cocks Arnold Portrait. Interestingly there are no oranges about nymph, Chloride and Zephyrs, which suggests corruption and dies- approval of Zephyrs actions. Cupid, Venues son, is situated directly above Venus and is derived from ancient art, and is armed with a bow and arrow, taking aim at the love struck thr ee Graces.The flowers in the trees are painted with the kind of meticulous detail evident in International Gothic Style. Of the 190 different flower species identified in the work, they emphasis ideas such as love, fertility, beauty and re-birth. Unlike Seville, Bottling lives in a world centered around religion, a belief system Paganism. Hence, the work is a narrative that is based on Pagan stories, such that of nymph Chloride becoming Flora.Additionally, this work being a commission, and the Medici would have been Pagan this work would have had to have been relevant for them, as it would likely have been situated in their home. But today, that there are a variety of dominating religions, rather than Just one, and they do not dictate the way that we live, unlike in Italy in the 15th century. Botulisms gender as a man means that the work is quite subjective, as he represents female figures as idealistic figures of desire. In contrast, Seville deconstructs this type of ideal the way that women should look a particular way skinny.Bottling portrays women, the subject matter, as desirable, whereas Seville, in antipode depicts a voluptuous figure, that could be regarded as flawed or grotesque due to her curvy body shape. Seville and Bottling paint at a vastly different pace, with Seville painting aggressively, quickly applying oil to the canvas, not even hold for it to dry, whereas Bottling paints with meticulous detail, hence it takes him a long time. Composition is a key principle in both works, although, due to the amount of detail and amount of figures, Botulisms La Primeval is more complex.Seville places the figure centrally in the work, so that she is unavertible to the viewer confronting, and dominating, in the way that she figure takes up roughly 70 percent of the canvas. The viewer is confronted with what might be perceived as flaws. The viewers eye is drawn past all these flaws by the line of the gap between the figures meaty thighs, then the UN avoidabl e the pubic region being close to the centre of the work, the viewers eye being drawn up past other flaws such as the stomach and arms, to the face. Bottling utilizes composition in a different way, in that he creates emphasis on Venus.He does this by making her the sole figure that is not cropped or obscured from view by the border or making contact with another figure, making her disparate from the rest of the figures. He also places her centrally along the horizontal and vertical thirds of the work, and having dark merely plants surround her, as they contrast against her pale skin thus emphasizing her. Both artists utilize color by using it to depict the subject matter, a greater range of color, as to depict the figures as clothed and also to create the background in great detail.

Is Media A Boon Or A Curse Essay

Is media a boon or a condemnation? Everything in this modern age is powered by media from the morsel we wake up until we sleep at night. Have we ever asked ourselves how all of this affects our reasoning, our power to choose and our lifestyle? Since mass media is used to communicate and interact with tidy sum from various walks of life, it usher come to the fore often result in a conflict of opinions. The media, specifically in India, represents a convergence of paradoxes tradition and modernity anarchy and piece diversity and unity conflict and cooperation news and views feudalism and democracy the free market and monopoly. peck media enjoys a very prominent role in our lives. Therefore, in that location ar various effects of mass media on bon ton at large.Mass media a boon?The wide reach offered by mass media is phenomenal. It support target both local and global audience. Over the years, mass media has played an important role in making people understand the meaning of d emocracy. We also come to know about the strengths and weaknesses of the economy of our country, the various problems faced by the nation, achievements of the nation in various sectors, through the prompt and precise reporting of different exercises of media. In a country like ours, where there are m any(prenominal) a(prenominal) castes, religions and languages spoken, media has even more tough responsibility of conveying the true news to the citizens. Media plays a very important role in shaping the personality of people. It has been observed that citizens become more sensible and capable to shoulder their responsibility towards the nation and society because of the media. Media has done much good to society by exposing various scams, s backsidedals, frauds, embezzlements and many other cases of corruption, leading to initiation of inquiries and other processes of prosecution against the perpetrators of these crimes.Some of the recent cases are witness that the Press has been i nstrumental in putting an end to atrocities. It has also brought to light some of the rustic practices like child marriage, dowry, etc., to light and has empowered women peculiarly to come to the forefront and express their grievance. Media has not just become a form of disseminating knowledge and entertainment but also the most trusted form of advertising. Millions of consumers and advertisers today receive a flood of information through commercial advertising. Recently, online media has become an improved modern method ofinteraction. Its quick and easy access at the touch of a button has not only made media powerful but also helps in keeping us updated even on the move. Mass media can be used for educational purposes in an effective manner, and media is a boon for all age groups and people from different walks of life in many ways. They get news, views, and constructive information related to the subject of their choice.Mass media a curse?However, media suffers from some pitfall s growing consumerism and materialism have adversely impacted our media. At times, the information reported may not be authentic from every angle. Hence, there may be a misinterpretation of a situation. News can be manipulated to influence the minds of the audiences. For example, a token political party may manipulate reports in their favour, which would indicate the political control in the media. Media bias can occur due to various issues. A journalist or an editor may give personal preference to an issue. A particular event or a celebrity may receive undue importance and set misemploy ideals before the youth. It may present an ostentatious lifestyle, which may inculcate wrong ideals amongst youngsters. Unnecessary sensationalism of an issue may project incorrect information to the public. There is the danger that comes when making money is more important than quality of information flow.It clearly hampers the honest and unbiased functioning of the organisation. Due to the rise in social media, we have become a population that is afraid to be left out we need to know things that really has no value, and, to a certain extent, we are at risk of filling our lives and brains with worthless information at the expenditure of meaningful dialog and interactions. Misleading messages may divert young minds towards a wrong path. Wrong interpretation of news may even blow things out of proportion. This would create further unrest in any place or even violence in case of extreme situations. At times, a particular event or news item may receive too much attention simply because of the lack of important news or snippets. It presents a wrong notion before the public and clogs their minds with unnecessary information.Media strongly influences the minds of the people who read or view what has been published, so it is important for the publishers and publications to be careful and fabian in handling the inputs they get from their reporters. Media is a boon if it is socia llyresponsible, unbiased, non-political, informative and educative to the masses but not to a class alone. But, it is a curse if it carries information or coverage to sensationalise, create curiosity among the public, misrepresentation of facts at the cost of someones reputation. For long-term solutions, we will have to bank on the educational institutions to educate, train, groom and prepare the youth to be more discerning viewers rather than passive spectators or participants in order to avoid any irresponsible influence or working of the media.

Assignment: Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation

Assignment Bias, Rhetorical Devices, and Argumentation The idiom of Kane campaigning for Governor is full of bias. The bias starts from the opening seconds of the movie clip and proceed through the speech. The man in the beginning of the movie clip demonstrated a bias in favor of Kane becoming Governor. These biases are created by labeling Charles Kane as a fri shutdget of the workings man who is an ally of the under paid and under fed.This same Kane campaigner offers up a negative bias towards the antagonist Jim Gettys by labeling his time in office as an evil domination. These same negative biases are continued by Kane himself, calling Jim Gettys downright dishonourable. All of these negative claims are being made without any supporting facts. The first fallacy I noticed is that Kane is claiming to be a friend of the working man and lower class. The second is the claim that Kane has already won the campaign for Governor, and the campaign has not even started yet, which is a fal lacy of false conclusion.The continued attacks on Jim Gettys are an ad hominen fallacy, because the attacks are towards Gettys not the argument at hand. The next fallacy I noticed is a circular fallacy or beggary the question. Kane mentions that he wants to protect the under privileged, under fed, and under paid but quickly asserts that he is too busy to make any promises. Kanes speech for Governor also contains a couple rhetorical devices. The first one I noticed is Kane putting extra emphasis on certain manner of speaking and phrases, I believe this is done to imply something.The first time this is done is when Kane said I made not campaign promises. There was an extra desist or elaboration on the word promises implying the promises of his opponent were not kept. The next rhetorical device is when Kane said that he had more than hope, implying Jim Gettys has no hope or is hopeless. This type of rhetorical device is an antithesis. The next rhetorical device is of the same type. It is when Kane says he would make promises now if he was not too busy organization to keep them.This is the contrasting of two separate ideas into one, single, phrase. There some good and some weak arguments and counter arguments made in this movie clip by the campaign man in the beginning and by Kane himself. The argument that Jim Gettys is evil and dishonest is countered by the statements that Kane is the ally of the common man. This is a good argument because of the hot method used to deliver the arguments, which makes up for the lack of supporting facts.A weak argument is that every poll shows that Kane will be elected. This is weak because this would be very difficult to prove before an actual election event. There is nothing to back up this claim. Another argument made was at the end of the clip, Kane promises to set up a special committee to indict Jim Gettys for his wrong doing. This argument was made following the statement that Kane cannot make any campaign promises, t his invalidates his own argument.

Play Analysis †“Shakuntala” by Kalidasa Essay

A story of gods, nymphs, ancient Indian mythology, spells and roll in the hay, the romantic comedy Shakuntala by Kalidasa is a undying classic. Similar pieces are still be used in wagers, TV shows and movies today, over two thousand years later man falls in issue with girl, something happens that doesnt allow them to be together, an some other event happens that allows them to be together with a quick-witted ending. Shakuntala tells the story of the protagonist, King Dushyanta, falling for a young adult female named Shakuntala. Their delight in brings us on a journey that makes us laugh, cry tears of mirth and sorrow, and even blows us away by some of the bewitching imagery/poetry.The play commences with King Dushyanta on a hunt, then finding himself in the presence of three women at an ashrama (sacred place). One of these women is Shakuntala, whom Dushyanta falls immediately in love with. Their mutual attraction eventually blossoms into a romance, yet one day as Dushyanta is away, a solitary confinement puts a curse on Shakuntala. She was withal distracted by thoughts of Dushyanta to receive him as a guest, and so he cursed whoever/whatever she was thinking of. The curse caused Dushyanta forget all about Shakuntala. However, the hermit had a slight change of heart. Because Shakuntala was too busy thinking of Dushyanta, the hermit told her friends that if Dushyanta were presented with a meaningful object representing his relationship with Shakuntala, he would regain his memory of her. Unfortunately, as Shakuntala greeted Dushyanta once more, she discovered that he did not remember her.She remembered that he had given her a ring while they were together, but as she looked down to give it to him she realise it had slipped off her finger, probably while she was in the Ganges River. Shakuntala was then taken away by an invisible nymph up into the sky. Later on, a black cat (who was taken pri watchworder for thievery) returned to the king the ring he had found and stolen from the Ganges. The king suddenly remembered everything about Shakuntala. He returned to the ashrama to discover that he now had a son born from Shakuntala. The climax is reached as Dushyanta and Shakuntala meet eyes once more with a powerful connection. They fall back in love with each other and are blessed with eternal happiness by Maricha the perfect. This story starts us off with the confrontation between Dushyanta and Shakuntala, then brings us to a moment of cream when Dushyanta is greeted by the seemingly unknown Shakuntala, andconcludes with the lovers being reunited.Dushyanta and Shakuntala are the main characters of the play, but even though the play is named Shakuntala, one believes that the protagonist is in fact Dushyanta. He is represented as a genuine king, all around nice man, longing for love. When he sees Shakuntala he is not thirsty with lust, but simply a gentleman interested in pursuing a healthy relationship. However, we see that when he is king (when Shakuntala arrives at his palace) he is ruling, just and powerful. Shakuntala is a young, beautiful, innocent woman, but she is also cautious and pessimistic. At first sight of Dushyanta she stands guard of her emotions. At second sight she immediately presumes that its not going to turn out right on (p. 49).Throughout the play, the majority of lines are spoken in prose, not verse. On the other hand, there are several times when a poem or lyric (written by Kalidasa himself) is said by one of the characters, which makes the play seem more poetic and rhythmic. On top of that, most of the voices offstage speak in verse. One believes that the author didnt want to escape the tradition of verse (ie. Ancient greek tragedies), but also wanted his own twist on the diverseness of the language.The theme is difficult for one to put his finger on. One theme is the argue for one man (Dushyanta) to achieve the love of a woman, but his struggle is in vain as another man (the hermit Durvasas) takes the thoughts from that same woman. Even though it is not a situation where another man steals a womans heart, one believes that perhaps the author wanted to portray the piggery of men and how the competition between men is to be everlasting. Another theme could be that of love at first sight and how it is not scarcely true but a part of life. Either way, the main theme is of troubled, confusing, powerful love and how it so-and-so be achieved by two people, even in the most delicate of situations (i.e. A king who has lost his memory and the emotionally sensitive daughter of a nymph).This play is a romantic comedy, and the tone does justice to that genre. There is the romance between the two main characters, and the comedy whichis brought out in their situation, their language and the chump character. Like every romantic comedy today, there is the inevitable dip in the plot which arouses different emotions in its listening (i.e. sadness, anger, confusion). Overall , however, the ending is a happy one, making this play an absolute delight to read.Throughout the play, the audiences response to each action takes them on an emotional rollercoaster. We are swayed to the kings side as he pursues love and romance, and soon we are abruptly changed to Shakuntalas side as she is left alone and in despair. The ups, downs, twist and turns we are taken on as the play shifts from comedy, to romance, and to tragedy, leaves the audience with a meaning-experience although the ride may be scary, by the end youre in love and willing to do it all over again.This plays theatricality calls for three discontinue sets the forest of the ashrama, the palace, and the scenes in front of the curtain. The ashrama should look welcoming, friendly, warm-spirited and nice. In contrast, one believes the palace should be large, intimidating and cold. The scenes in front of the curtain (where Anasuya and Priyamvada pick flowers) need only to have a few greens that symbolize a f ield, one in which the two friends can explore.This play already has some similar traits to todays movies. For example, careful in Seattle, starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, brings us on the journey of two people who are on opposite sides of the country. They know that theyre in love but can never seem to get together because of their location and also their situation (Meg Ryans character has a fiance). But by the end of the fill the lovers are united atop the Empire Sate Building (reminiscent of An Affair to Remember) in what is, inarguably, one of the most romantic scenes captured on film to date.This type of plot has been used more than often in the past few years, so bringing this play into the modern world has already been proven as a success. If one were to make an exact remake of this play with a modern twist, one would only change around a couple things instead of being a king, Dushyanta could be a member of parliament, possibly a mayor. Also, Shakuntala could be, instead o f thedaughter of a nymph and a sage, that of a normal catholic family.Shakuntala is a tale that takes the audience on a meaning-experience journey akin to a roller coaster ride. The ups and downs and twists and turns excel even the gods. It is well deserving of its renown, as is a play that is capable of touching the hearts of any person who has experienced the challenges and rewards that come hand in hand with love.BibliographyShakuntala by Kalidasa

Developments in Public Personnel Field

This paper assumes with the trends, issues and ch in allenges that be macrocosm faced by the cosmos effect. These trends and issues may be categorized chthonian (1) commission pr operationices (2) technology and (3) Economic and Politics. Governments all over the existence should learn this time what to do with their human beings force out so that they put up become more efficacious and more stiff in the face of all the mentioned challenges. . IntroductionPublic or cultured Service is a gravid part of the lives of the citizens of a nation whether they want it or non. thither are a number of organisation agencies that require the services of in the human race eye(predicate) ser traints and lords. These professionals are free from the political affiliations of commonwealth who serve in the bureaucracy. at that place are developments in the participation, in the technology and other areas of management that have an impact in the lives of public force-out. This essay explores these crude trends, strategies, approaches by spiriting at diametric areas that affect the lives and performance of public personnel.These new trends, issues and emerging practices will be divided into three major categories management practices, technology and economic situation. The setoff category deals mainly with the emerging issues in management such as multifariousness, the rights and benefits of public personnel and how the political science is reacting to these trends. Secondly, the technological advancements that impact the mould of public personnel will be seeked at, wakefully noting how these are revolutionizing the means that public personnel do their work. Lastly, the economic developments in the coupled States and the world will withal be noted together with their impact on the lives of workers in the Civil service celestial sphere.The government as an employer should coin note of these developments and keep up with the times. Oftentimes, h owever, bureaucracy tends to react too slowly to the changes going on in the world. If this is the case, the public personnel will be disadvantaged. Nonetheless, this paper will as well as put forward several(prenominal) recommendations as to how the plight of public personnel could be improved by the government through the useful and efficient use of resources in their respective faces.Management PracticesWorkforce DiversityOne of the some important developments in public personnel in the twenty-first s straight musical mode is the increasing recognition of variation in the operations of public single-valued functions and agencies. Such diversity stems from the multicultural fabric of the Ameri target society. There are Afri deal Ameri dopes, Asians, Europeans and Latino in the United States.It is inconceiv competent to exclude these people from becoming public personnel if they possess the skills and the educational requirements of serving in the Civil Service. Through the victories won by the Civil Rights stricklement in the United States in the past forty eld or so, the US has come a long federal agency in granting equal rights and opportunities to people of unlike skin colors.The immigration to the US has also continued in the past few years that the demographic has changed. Through the process of globalization, more and more people from various nations are coming to the United States. Managing a diverse workforce is there obeisance becoming an imperative for roughly corporations and multinational companies in the US. This should also be the case with public personnel (Farazmand, 2007).There are a number of benefits that workforce diversity could reach unwrap to public offices and agencies. For one, perspectives and viewpoints in the office concerning pressing issues and concerns will be diverse, thus, providing the decision desexualiser with the ability to smack at different angles before making important decisions. Without diversity, pe ople will, more or less, look at something from virtually same lenses and perspectives. With diversity, however, there are new perspectives that could en adequate to(p) a broader look at issues plaguing the obliging service and the rest of the society.One factor that influences the occurrence of diversity in both private and public physical compositions is the preponderance of migration and mobility of labor. People from diverse backgrounds often find themselves mingling with people from other nationalities (Mavin & Girling, 2000). Diversity, however, is more than just a collection of nationalities within the organization. Rather, there are several sources of diversity that can serve as a point of conflict within the organizationpublic or private. Managing diversity, therefore, is an art that most public agencies and organizations should be dealt with in force(p)ly. These sources of diversity include gender, race, ethnicity, linguistic barriers, sexual preferences and religion.As stipulated in the Constitution and the laws of the United States, these kinds of differences should in no way affect the employment of persons or prevent them from enjoying the privileges accorded to any person within the civil service of the country. The problem, however, is that, in a setting such as the public agencies and organizations, there are persons who may have loaded feelings, prejudices and biases against any of these sources of diversity and they may condescend to those who are not like them. As such, they might not be able to get along with certain(a) kinds of people in the civil service.Multiculturalism and the prevalence of diversity should be met with effective public personnel management strategies. The management should not be reactive and act as if they are al slipway pacifying people, trouble-shooting problems and ironing out conflicts. Rather, diversity should be managed well by allowing practices and the organisational culture to become attuned to diversity . After all, the labor force has become heterogeneous and there waits to be no way to stop that at this stage (Sippola, 2005).Proactive management of diversity entails understanding the cultural and other differences among different peoples who belong to the organization. This also helps the management become more attuned to the composition of the public personnel workforce and make the necessary recommendations in terms of managing these personnel.Diversity is one thing that could help the organization thrive in the super competitive world of the twenty-first century. Through diversity, the perspective of an organization becomes broader and the way in which the organization reaches out to people belonging to different groups.There is an increasing sense of job insecurity in the United States, work hours cannot be comp allowely controlled and the adeptership style of managers may sometimes be unsuitable to that of the expectations of the organization. The well-being of the organi zation should not be compromised (Sparks, Faragher, & Cooper, 2001).The Need for Entrepreneurial Leadershipanother(prenominal) problem plaguing the bureaucracy and the civil service in world-wide is too much reliance on tried and tested formula without exploring new possible ways of traffic with different problems and challenges that the government agencies are facing. Too often, leaders in the government fail to look beyond the proverbial horizon of their respective agencies. As such, what happens is that they rely on previous records, previously prospering formula rather than on carefully crafted strategies that address the present situation of their organizations. This is where entrepreneurial leadership comes in.One of the keywords well associated with entrepreneurship is innovation. This is the continuous pursuit for improvement and looking for new areas to improve the operations of the organization. If this were present in most public agencies, wherefore the personnel can be empowered as they become more effective and efficient in fulfilling their tasks. Unnecessary delays and red tape in the public offices tend to affect the take aim of innovativeness of public agencies in information technology and other areas of operation (Moon & Bretschneiber, 2002).Entrepreneurship is also closely associated with risk. If managers are automatic to engage in risk in the name of innovation, then the organization will become bolder in pursuing entrepreneurship and innovation. When this happens, the followers will emulate the example of the bosses, and they, themselves, will engage in efforts and action that could lead to a more efficient and effective public service organization.Technology mesh, Web 2.0 and Business ApplicationsThe twenty-first century is marked by break-neck speed of technological breakthroughs and innovation. The world is distillery reeling from the impact of near instantaneous converse. The possibilities seem to be endless. When one caller -out offers a product, three weeks later, a rival presents another product that is let out and usually smaller than the one previously being offered. These technologies are changing the layscape of public personnel management, including the way in which business and office work are being done. These emerging technologies are depict in the next discussion.The Internet. The world is very(prenominal) much connected now, thanks to the wonder that is the Internet. With the number of websites all over the world today, the Internet has become a storehouse of articles and knowledge. Through these websites and other features of the Internet, readers and other users are able to check out the most recent breakthroughs in various fields of study in the world. More than that, with a simple click on the mouse, research can be undertaken. This means that workers can do more now that they are connected to the rest of the world (Sullivan & Lewis, 2002).Technology allowing workers to log on to th e company intranet even while in a long distance from the office is now available. This is called remote get at and makes use of the network of the Internet while putting forward a security means to cherish the company from breach and security compromise (Sullivan & Lewis, 2002).Email is another important factor of the earnings that has come to the fore of business operations in the past few years. Without email, the world will continue to rely on snail mail, which is a much slower and inefficient means of communication. With email, the sender can directly typeface in the message on the computer screen, hit the send button and then wait for a few seconds before the receiver opens the email. Another great thing about emails is that they can be apply as vehicle of sending over large files over long distances (Sullivan & Lewis, 2011).Voice over internet Protocol. Another interesting feature of the Internet that has recently come to the attention of the world is Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). This significantly lowered the cost of voice communications over the Internet. This feature has been integrated into various instant messaging protocols such as Skype, Windows Messenger, AIM and Yahoo Messenger among others.It is also possible now to hold live video and audio streaming. This has implications in holding video conferences over vast areas of land and territory. Hence, live video and audio streaming can help public agencies lower the cost of communication as they meet online. The security of information passed over the Internet is another important concern that essential be addressed. Hence, the developments in Internet security and anti-virus technologies help users protect the users and the selective information that they are feeding and manipulating in the Internet. Information is a very important asset, particularly for public agencies that are serving the broader public. Thanks to the efforts of developers and anti-virus companies, most hackers ar e kept at bay and prevented from wreaking havoc in the systems of public agencies (Jackson & van der Wielen, 1998).The Internet, together with pass IT infrastructure is already installed in most public agencies. This enables the agencies to dispense social services more cursorily and more efficiently. Without technology, such social services will be in accessible to several sectors in the society (Jones & Dages, 2003). Given the many distractions at work, however, more and more managers veryize the importance of introducing regulations and control mechanisms concerning the websites that may be accessed by the public personnel at work. While they are at work, if the IT system is open, then they can listen to music while at the same time enjoy the resources for their own personal use.The humans of digital distraction and information overload among workers is also looming over the twenty-first century public personnel. As such, there should be a means of ensuring that only informati on pertinent to the job of the public personnel are accessed by the workers during the work session. Otherwise, they will be subject to information overload. Information technology at work is a double-edged sword. It can get a lot of things done but if improperly used, it may also be harmful to the productivity and overall performance of an individual worker (Jackson & van der Wielen, 1998).The twenty-first century has been hailed as the coming of the knowledge economy where the workers are not only dealing with products and services but rather, they are dealing with information, data and knowledge. As such, technology is a prerequisite for the effective functioning of the public personnel in various areas of government and operations of such agencies.Teleworking and Telecommuting in the Public SectorThe advances and breakthroughs in the technology mentioned above paved the way for the emergence of teleworking and telecommuting among the professionals in the United States. There eme rged a new brand of professionals who do not have to report to the office of the agency as long as they are doing the job they have agreed to. Although telecommuting is not a new phenomenon, it has been around since the late 1980s. The only difference now is that the technology has made it so much convenient for teleworkers to thrive in the present system (DiMartino and Wirth, 1990).As long as a teleworker has access to computer and good internet connection, he may deliver the work he agreed to. There are also a number of telecommuters from other countries who do the work for the public and private sectors in the United States. Another related process being utilized nowadays is outsourcing. Workers and companies outside of the United States rig partnerships with companies in the US so they can handle the operations of some areas of business.With the increasing popularity of outsourcing and telecommuting, the organization should come to at a sound plan how to manage these kinds of worker. Of primary concern is the growth of teleworkers as professionals in their field and how they get the services that they deserve (Cooper, & Kurland, 2002).Teleworking has a number of impacts on the public personnel. It might be opted by employees who are taking care of a family member at home needing special attention, by a mother who wants to spend more time with her kids or by any other professional who simply wants this kind of arrangement. Teleworking is being used in the private sector but it can also be implemented in the public sector.Teleworking may be considered as a rightfully radical departure from the usual mode of working as public personnel. Teleworkers enjoy an immense take aim of flexibility in terms of fulfilling their role and still pursuing other interests that they want to pursue.Teleworking, however, may be considered as a security breach in an organization that holds sensitive information in its data bank. In addition to this, teleworking introduces a level of uncertainty and difficulty in managing people. This is why, management should look into an acceptable means of accommodating both the usual full-time staff and those who have opted for teleworking.As the public sector start dealing with teleworking, it should carefully look into the pros and cons of the arrangement. Through this, they can maximize the presence of the teleworker in the organization while at the same time, making sure that its pitfalls are removed or at to the lowest degree minimized.Individual worker is really at the center of the teleworking arrangements. As long as there is an internet connection and computer, the teleworker can deliver his work. If possible, the organization should also undertake psychological tests to ascertain whether a certain employee is ready for the rigors and loneliness of the being a teleworker.Economy and PoliticsGlobalizationBecause of the rapid advances in communication and transportation technologies and the inter-relationshi ps between and among the countries of the world, the nations are being brought closer together in a process known as globalization (Tomlinson, 1999).The changes being brought about by globalization are far-reaching and broad because it targets the politics, economics, culture and other areas of life (Castles, 2001). Globalization can no longer be ignored because it has impinged on important processes that go on in the society. It is also not just a national issue but a worldwide one. If this process continues, then the world can become a borderless society in which labor and other resources can move freely without a lot of hassle.In the management of public personnel, globalization has also become a real issue that must be dealt with by the bureaucracy. Globalization is also attacking the established authority of the defer over a certain territory, such as a nation-state. The role of the state and the government, therefore, is changing under the relentless impact of globalization.T he focus of globalization is efficiency, decentralization and the trimming down of the bureaucracy. In terms of public personnel, this means letting go of a lot of employees and retaining only those who process the core processes and who are able to continue the operations of the agencies that will be affected. With globalization, this means that there will be greater decentralization and deregulation of power and autonomy (Bevir, Rhodes & Weller, 2003).The government, however, cannot simply do that without major repercussions. There has to be a careful study as to the kind of jobs and personnel that will be retained and which positions will be let go. If possible, will there be roles that can be combined? This way, the government will be able to save money while at the same time ensuring that the processes being looked after by the public personnel will be continued.ConclusionThe twenty-first century world is very dynamic. Technologies are changing very rapidly, the relationships b etween and among the countries of the world are becoming stronger. Economies are trading more freely and governments are still in charge of running their own respective territories. This is being done with the help of public personnel who are in the bureaucracy and who are continuously serving the needs of the government and of the people they are serving.There are three main areas of concern that impact the changes in public personnel. These are in the areas of Management Practices, Technology, and Economics. Of particular interest is the increasing popularity and significance of workplace diversity and the manner in which public organizations should deal with it so that it can maximize its impact and its efficiency. In addition to this, the advances in technology is paving the way for alternative modes of working such as teleworking and telecommuting. Lastly, globalization also has an important impact on the way that public personnel are being treated and how the public sector can acquire savings from the process.ReferenceBevir, B, Rhodes, RAW, & Weller, P. (2003). Traditions of governance interpreting the changing role of the public sector. Public Administration, 81 (1), 1-17.Castles, FG. (2001). On political company of recent pubic sector development. Journal of European Social Political Policy, 11 (3), 195-211.Cooper, CD & Kurland, NB (2002). Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23 (4), 511-532.Daniels, K., Lamond, DA, & Stranden, P. (2000). Managing Telework. New York CENGAGE Learning.Farazmand, A (2007). Strategic Public Personnel Administration. New York Greenwood Publishing Group.Jackson, P. and Van der Wielen, J. (1998). Teleworking. Routledge, London.Jones, JW & Dages, KD (2003). Technology Trends in Staffing and Assessment A Practice Note. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 11 (2-3), 247-252.Mavin, S. & Girling, G. (2000). What is Ma naging Diversity and Why Does It outcome? Human Resource Development International, 3 (4), 419-433.Moon, MJ & Breschneiber, S (2002). Does the Perception of Red Tape Constrain IT Innovativeness in Organizations? Unexpected Results from a Simultaneous Equation Model and Implications. Journal of Publication Research and Theory, 12 (2), 273-292.Sippola, A. (2005). HRM of a Diverse Workforce Challenges of Emerging Cultural Diversity. Proceedings of the 18th Scandinavian Academy of Management (NFF) Conference, Aarhus, Denmark, 18-20 idealistic 2005.Sparks, K., Faragher, B & Cooper, CL (2001). Well-being and occupational health in the 21st century workplace. Journal of occupational and Organizational.Sullivan, C & Lewis, S. (2002). Home-based Telework, Gender, and the Synchronization of Work and Family Perspectives of Teleworkers and their Co-residents. Gender, Work and Organization, 8 (2), 123-145.Tomlinson, J. (1999) Globalization and Culture. Chicago University of Chicago Press.

Brave New World.

The Ideal Women go mod World is a fantasy of the future that sheds a blazing critical light on the present. Huxley says Community, Identity, Stability is the motto of this utopian World State, the motto of this utopia is the inverse of how this world re aloney exists. Huxleys description of the wise world is a dystopia. Lenina is a futuristic deterrent example of the modern women. She is one of the idolized women of this dystopia. The role of women in this society is advances promiscuity and medicate use.Linda on the early(a) hand, had a very different experience tbiddy Lenina as women of this brand-new World. Huxley embodies the trials and tribulations that these women deal with. In Brave spic-and-span World, Aldous Huxley uses the characters Lenina and Linda to show the role of women in this society. From the novel Brave New World Lenina is the high-minded womanhood in this society. She conforms to the standards that argon set for the women in the new world. As Lenina ne gotiation to Bernarsd, she says, And how can you talk akin that more or less non wanting to be a part of the genial body?After all, allone whole kit and boodle for everybody else (Huxley 91). This marrow that Lenina accepts the idea. In addition to that, Lenina does not believe in monogamy she is very promiscuous, as every other woman is in the society promiscuity is an accepted touch in this society. When Fanny duologue to Lenina about seeing the resembling man for too long, she starts to lecture her about how wrong it really is And you distinguish how strongly the D. H. C objects to anything intense or long drawn.Four months of Henry hold dear without having another manwhy hed be furious if he knew (Huxley 41). Lenina accepts the idea of promiscuity, which makes her the ideal women of the society she follows by their standards. non only does the society use promiscuity to control the population, nevertheless likewise promote the use of bod. angiotensin-converting e nzyme of the states mottos is a gramme in time saves nine. This means that they promote the use of a serious drug called soma (Huxley 89).Leninas brain is conformed to the idea that soma is the means of living. Soma is a drug that replaces reality with happy hallucinations. Aldous Huxley shows how Lenina is a characteristic character, an ideal role mystify of the New World she conforms to all the ideas and rules of this society. On the other hand, Linda has a different experience than Lenina. Linda was once a member of the New World, but during a visit to the making she hit her head and when she could not be found, she was left there.Lindas extend on the military reserve was different from the New World So they ar having children all the time-like dogs. Its impish (Huxley 122). This means that, unlike the new world, the natives believed in families and having children the traditional way, other than the new world which uses the Bokanovsky process. Natives also did not believe in promiscuitythey thought of promiscuity as revolting. As Linda states, Well, here the other passel went on, nobodys sound outd to belong to more than one mortal. (Huxley 121).This is important because this statement depicts the women of the reservation are traditional, meaning sleeping around with other men is not acceptable. When Linda was caught sleeping with other men, the women were angry and cruel to Linda. Linda also was not able to take soma. Linda says, I suppose John told you. What I had to bear outand not a gramme of soma to be had (Huxley 120). This means that the reservation did not use soma it was not a desirable drug. Even though Linda was once a member of the New World, she was a savage her experience was contrasting than Leninas.By using Lenina and Linda Aldous Huxley shows 2 different stories and experiences from two different women brought up in the same world. Leninas life in the new world has an neutered demeanor than Linda who lives in the reservation . Bernard describes Linda as so fat. And all the lines in her face, the flabbiness, the wrinkles (Huxley 119). This is important because it describes Lindas different appearance now that she lives on the reservation, when she lived in the New World Linda had more youthful appearance, like Lenina.Linda also preoccupied the use of Soma hen Linda returns back to the New World, She took as much as twenty grammes a day Linda is again subordinate on soma. Even though Linda through and through unfortunate events became a savage, she has the same beliefs that Lenina also has. In conclusion, Lenina and Linda are both an ideal woman of the New World, both women depict the typical woman. Even though they went through different experiences their moral, standards, and values are the same. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York HarperCollins , 1989. Print.Brave New World.The Ideal Women Brave New World is a fantasy of the future that sheds a blazing critical light on the present. Huxley says Community, Identity, Stability is the motto of this utopian World State, the motto of this utopia is the opposite of how this world really exists. Huxleys description of the new world is a dystopia. Lenina is a futuristic model of the modern women. She is one of the idolized women of this dystopia. The role of women in this society is promotes promiscuity and drug use.Linda on the other hand, had a very different experience then Lenina as women of this New World. Huxley embodies the trials and tribulations that these women deal with. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses the characters Lenina and Linda to show the role of women in this society. From the novel Brave New World Lenina is the ideal woman in this society. She conforms to the standards that are set for the women in the new world. As Lenina talks to Bernarsd, she says, And how can you talk like that about not wanting to be a part of the social body?After all, everyone works for everybody else (Huxley 91). Thi s means that Lenina accepts the idea. In addition to that, Lenina does not believe in monogamy she is very promiscuous, as every other woman is in the society promiscuity is an accepted belief in this society. When Fanny talks to Lenina about seeing the same man for too long, she starts to lecture her about how wrong it really is And you know how strongly the D. H. C objects to anything intense or long drawn.Four months of Henry Foster without having another manwhy hed be furious if he knew (Huxley 41). Lenina accepts the idea of promiscuity, which makes her the ideal women of the society she follows by their standards. Not only does the society use promiscuity to control the population, but also promote the use of soma. One of the states mottos is a gramme in time saves nine. This means that they promote the use of a dangerous drug called soma (Huxley 89).Leninas brain is conformed to the idea that soma is the means of living. Soma is a drug that replaces reality with happy halluci nations. Aldous Huxley shows how Lenina is a typical character, an ideal role model of the New World she conforms to all the ideas and rules of this society. On the other hand, Linda has a different experience than Lenina. Linda was once a member of the New World, but during a visit to the reservation she hit her head and when she could not be found, she was left there.Lindas stay on the reservation was different from the New World So they are having children all the time-like dogs. Its revolting (Huxley 122). This means that, unlike the new world, the natives believed in families and having children the traditional way, other than the new world which uses the Bokanovsky process. Natives also did not believe in promiscuitythey thought of promiscuity as revolting. As Linda states, Well, here the other people went on, nobodys supposed to belong to more than one person. (Huxley 121).This is important because this statement depicts the women of the reservation are traditional, meaning s leeping around with other men is not acceptable. When Linda was caught sleeping with other men, the women were angry and cruel to Linda. Linda also was not able to take soma. Linda says, I suppose John told you. What I had to sufferand not a gramme of soma to be had (Huxley 120). This means that the reservation did not use soma it was not a desirable drug. Even though Linda was once a member of the New World, she was a savage her experience was contrasting than Leninas.By using Lenina and Linda Aldous Huxley shows two different stories and experiences from two different women brought up in the same world. Leninas life in the new world has an altered appearance than Linda who lives in the reservation. Bernard describes Linda as so fat. And all the lines in her face, the flabbiness, the wrinkles (Huxley 119). This is important because it describes Lindas different appearance now that she lives on the reservation, when she lived in the New World Linda had more youthful appearance, like Lenina.Linda also missed the use of Soma hen Linda returns back to the New World, She took as much as twenty grammes a day Linda is again dependent on soma. Even though Linda through unfortunate events became a savage, she has the same beliefs that Lenina also has. In conclusion, Lenina and Linda are both an ideal woman of the New World, both women depict the typical woman. Even though they went through different experiences their moral, standards, and values are the same. Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York HarperCollins , 1989. Print.

Going for the Look

In Cohens statement, he gives send off an intellectual but as well as an arrogant tone. This reflects his knowledge for being a successful retailer, but also has a sexist and snobbish way of viewing marketing. Retailers look for walking billboards to upscale their product to the public. Cohen states that you desire attractive people working behind the counter to bring in todays unexampled crowd to the stores.On one hand, retailers should be able to hire who they want so they can project their painting but they atomic number 18 risking discrimination against people who are not eligible to work for them. From my own experience, I have noticed attractive people working at Abercrombie and Fitch stores. It is practically the models from a compose working in Abercrombie. Yes, it is true that these workers project an image, but for what? I honestly do not walk into these stores just because a good-looking gal is working behind the counter.I go into stores because the clothes, or the brand ensure my attention, not some person advertising the product. So I disagree with this part Cohens stemma, because not everyone goes into a store just to see a good-looking gal. Another argument Cohen brings up is that retailers hire based on looks because it is smart and necessary. In the article Going for the Look, but Risking Discrimination by Steven Green gives a great example about Elizabeth Nill.She walks into Abercrombie stores and almost every time managers walk up to her and offer her a job. This proves that retailers hire only attractive people. This is discrimination because Abercrombie is only hiring white, attractive people. This leaves them vulnerable for reproach from the public. Retailers should be able to hire they want so they can project their image but they are risking discrimination against people that are not eligible to work them. I find Cohens argument to be invalid.

Strategy and Operations Revision

Introduction to Strategy and trading trading mental serve wells Management trading effects Strategy Product Design Process Design Supply Net acetifys Layout and F unkept Scientific Management and concern Design Introduction to Quality A Choice Paradigm Ope symmetrynalizing Strategy Review and Examination expression Operations Strategy Strategic decisions Widespread in their effect, define the po sit aroundion of the organisation relative to its environs and move the organisation closer to its long term goals * A dodging has content and turn Operations is not the same as summonsal * Operations resources that create growths and dish outs * Operational opposite of strategic. everyday and comminuted Content and Process * Content secernicularised decisions and actions * Process method that is use to make the specific content decisions 4 Perspectives Top Down the influence of the corporate or line outline on operations decisions * Bottom-up the influence of opera tional experience on operations decisions * Market requirements the effect objectives that gleam the market position of an operations products or swear out, also a thought on operations strategy * Operations resource capabilities the inherent ability of operations processes and resources also a perspective on operations strategy. Products * Tangible Are use after purchase Services * Intangible * Used at the beat of delivery TOP DOWN PERSPECTIVE Views strategic decisions at a number of trains Corporate strategy the strategic view of a corporation and the businesses with it Business strategy the strategic positioning of a business in relation to its customers, markets and competitors, a subset of corporate strategy in operation(p) strategy the general direction and section of a function within the business a subset of business strategyBOTTOM UP PRESPECTIVE go acrosss overall strategy as emerging from day-to-day operational experience Emergent strategy a strategy tha t is gradually shaped over date and base on experience rather than theoretical positioning MARKET REQUIREMENTS PERSPECTIVE -Satisfy the requirements of the market Competitive factors the factors such as delivery condemnation, product or service specification, price etcetera hat define customers requirements Order- agreeable factors the arrangement of resources that are devoted to the production and delivery of products and function Qualifying factors aspects of belligerentness where the operations exertion has to be above a particular level to be considered by the customer Less important factors competitive factors that are neither order winning nor qualifying, per cropance in them does not signifi bay windowtly affect the competitive position of an operation Product/service life round a generalized model of the behaviour of both customers and competitors during the life of a product or service it is generally held to have four ramifications, introduction, growth, mat urity and decline. OPERATIONS RESOURCES PERSPECTIVE Resource-based view (RBS) the perspective on strategy that stresses the importance of capabilities (sometimes known as core competences) in determining sustainable competitive advantage.Intangible resources the resources within an operation that are not immediately evident or tangible, such as relationships with suppliers and customers, process knowledge, new product and service development. serve OF OPERATIONS system Process procedures which are, or tush be, utilise to formulate those operations strategies which the org. should adopt. IMPLEMENTATION 5 Ps of operations strategy reflection * Purpose * Point of entry * Process * Project management * Participation TRADE-OFFS The extent to which improvements in peerless performance objective can be achieved by sacrificing performance in others. form OF OPERATIONS STRATEGY GUIDES THE TRADE OFFS B/W PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Operations strategy Should address the relative priori ty of the operations performance objectives * Influences the trade-offs b/w an operations performance EFFICIENT FRONTIER worry in economics convex line. Useful approach to articulating trade-offs and distinguishes b/w repositioning performance on the efficient frontier and improving performance by overcoming trade-offs. FOCUS AND TRADE-OFFS Operations focus dedicating apiece operation to a limited, concise, manageable set of objectives, products, technologies or markets, then structuring policies and support service so they focus on one explicit task rather than on a change of inconsistent or contradictory tasks.Operation-within-an-operation allows an org. to accrue the benefits of focus without the considerable expensive of setting up independent operations. Design construct practise To conceive looks, arrangement and workings of something before it is constructed. Happens before construction. PROCESS fig AND PRODUCT/SERVICE DESIGN ARE INTERREALTED Treated separately just now are inter consortd. Process invent and product/service visualise should be considered unneurotic PROCESS DESIGN OBJECTIVES Point of process aim is to make sure that the performance of the process is appropriate for whatever it is trying to achieve. Process design should reflect process objectives Micro performance menstruate objectives are apply to describe flow performance * Throughput rate rate which units emerge from the process * Throughput time the time for a unit to move through a process * Work in process number of units in the process is an come over a period of time * Utilization- the ratio of the actual output from a process or facility to its design capacity ENVIRONMENTALLY refined DESIGN Life cycle analysis a technique that analyses all the production inputs, life cycle use of a product and its closing disposal in terms of total energy used and wastes emitted. PROCESS TYPES THE VOLUME VARIETY EFFECT ON PROCESS DESIGN tall volume = victuals canning f actory Low volume = major sound projection consulting engineers Low variety = electricity utility High variety = architects practice Low volume high variety and vice versa Volume variety positionsPROCESS TYPES Process types terms that are used to describe a particular general approach to managing processes In manufacturing these are generally held to be project, jobbing, batch, mass and continuous processes, In services they are held to be master copy services, service hooks and mass services PROJECT PROCESSES processes that deal with discrete, unremarkably highly customized, products. JOBBING PROCESSES processes that deal with high variety and low volumes, although there may be some repetition of flow and activities. BATCH PROCESSES processes that treat batches of products together, and where each batch has its own process route.MASS PROCESSES processes that produce goods in high volume and relatively low variety CONTINUOUS PROCESSES processes that are high volume and lo w variety usually products made on continuous process are produced in an endless flow, such as petrochemicals or electricity. PROFESSIONAL work service processes that are devoted to producing knowledge-based or advice-based services, usually involving high customer contact and high customisation, examples embroil management consultants, lawyers, architects etc. SERVICE SHOPS service processes that are positioned between professional services and mass services, usually with medium levels of volume and customization. MASS SERVICES service processes that have a high number of transactions, oftentimes involving limited customization, for example mass transportation services, call centres etc. PRODUCT-PROCESS MATRIXA model derived by Hayes and Wheelwright that demonstrates that natural fit between volume and variety of products and services produced by an operation on one hand, and the process type used to produce products and services on the other. Natural bezant most operations stick to this. PROCESS MAPPING Describing the processes in terms of how the activities within the process relate to each other (aka process blueprinting or process analysis) PROCESS MAPPING SYMBOLS PMS The symbols that are used to classify different types of activity they usually derive either from scientific management or teaching systems flow charting High-level process mapping an aggregated process map that shows broad activities rather than detailed activities THROUGHOUT, CYCLE TIME AND WORK IN PROCESSWork content the total amount of work required to produce a unit of output, usually measured in standard times Throughput time the time for a unit to move through a process Cycle time average time b/w units of output emerging from a process Work-in-process number of units within a process waiting to be process further LITTLES LAW Throughput time = work-in process x cycle time THROUGHPUT EFFICIENCY % Throughput efficiency = (work content/throughput time) x 100 PRODUCT AND SE RVICE DESIGN WHY IS DESIGN IMPORTANT? -Enhances profitability WHAT IS DESIGNED? * purpose outline specification including nature, use and protect of p/s * Package Core p/s fundamental to the purchase and could not be removed without destroying nature of the package * Supporting p/s Enhance the core * Process calculating a way in which the ingredients will be created and delivered to customer DESIGN ACTIVITY IS ITSELF A PROCESS -The design activity is one of the most important operations processes -Producing designs for products is itself a process STAGES OF DESIGN 1. Concept generation a stage in the product and service design process that formalizes the underlying root behind a product or service 2. Screening to see if they will be a sensible addition to its p/s portfolio 3. Evaluation and improvement can it be served better, more(prenominal) cheaply, more easily? 4. Prototyping and final designCONCEPT GENERATION IDEAS FOR CUSTOMERS -Marketing focus groups etc. LISTEN ING TO CUSTOMERS -Complaints suggestions IDEAS FROM COMPETITORS Reverse applied science the deconstruction of a p/s in order to understand how it has been produced IDEAS FROM STAFF Know what customers handle etc. IDEAS FROM RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT R&D the function in the org. that develops new knowledge and ideas and operationalizes the ideas to form the underlying knowledge on which p/s and process design are based. CONCEPT exhibit Assessing the worth or value of each design option, so a choice can be made. * Design criteria 3 broad categories of design criteria 1.Feasibility the ability of an operation to produce a process, product or service 2. Acceptability the attractiveness to the operation of a p/s 3. Vulnerability the risks taken by the operation in adopting a process, p or s THE DESIGN FUNNEL A model that depicts the design process as the progressive reduction of design options from legion(predicate) alternatives down to the final design. PRELIMINARY DESIGN SPECIFY ING THE COMPONENTS OF THE PACKAGE Component structure diagram that shows the constituent component parts of a product or service package and the order in which the component parts are brought together (aka components structure) REDUCING DESIGN COMPLEXITY Simplicity is a virtueSTANDARDIZATION The degree to which processes, products or services are prevented from varying over time COMMONALITY The degree to which a range of p/s incorporate identical components (aka parts mutualality) If multiple p/s are based on common components, the less complex it is to produce them MODULARIZATION The use of standardized sub-components of a p/s that can be put together in different ways to create a high degree of variety. I. e. trick attack. Many languages, 60% scenes the same DEFINING THE PROCESS TO CREATE THE PACKAGE Examine how a process could put together the miscellaneous components to create the final p/s. DESIGN EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENTSee if preliminary design can be improved before th e p/s is tested in the market. Many techniques (3 main ones) 1. QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT A technique used to ensure that the eventual design of a p/s actually meets the needs of its customers. QFD matrix how company sees relationship b/w requirements of customer and the design characteristics of p/s 2. VALUE ENGINEERING An approach to cost reduction in product design that examines the purpose of a p/s, its basic functions and its secondary functions. 3. TAGUCHI METHODS A design technique that uses design combinations to test the robustness of a design I. e. Telephone should still work when has been knocked over. Pizza shop cope with rush of customersPROTOTYPING AND FINAL DESIGN Prototype can be clay model, simulations etc. realistic prototype a computer based model of a p/p/s that can be tested for its characteristics before the actual p/p/s is produced Computer-aided design (CAD) a system that provides the computer ability to create and modify p/p/s drawings BENEFITS OF INT ERACTIVE DESIGN synergetic design the idea that the design of p/s on one hand, and the processes that create them on the other, should be integrated Can shorten time to market SIMULTANEOUS DEVELOPMENT Sequential approach to design one stage completed before another is started * Easy to manage and control * Time go through and costlySimultaneous/concurrent approach to design overlapping these stages in the design process so that one stage in the design activity can start before the preceding stage is finished, the intention being to shorten time to market and save design cost PROJECT-BASED ORGANIZATION STRUCTURES Functional design organization Product design organization Range of org. structures = Pure functional to pure project forms. Task force Matrix organization LAYOUT AND FLOW WHAT IS LAYOUT? -How its transforming resources are positioned relative to each other and how its various tasks are allocated to these transforming resources. Layout decision is relatively infrequent but important What makes a good layout? Inherent sanctuary Length of flow Clarity of flow Staff conditions Management coordination Accessibility Use of space long-term flexibility Layout is influenced by process types BASIC LAYOUT TYPES 4 basic layout types FIXED-POSITION LAYOUT -Locating the position of a product or service such that it remains largely stationary, while transforming resources are moved to and from it I. e. Motorway construction, open-heart surgery (patients similarly delicate to be moved). FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT * Conforms to the needs and convenience of the functions performed by the transforming resources which constitute the processes. Similar resources or processes are located together * I. e. Hospitals, supermarket CELL LAYOUT * Transformed resources entering the operation are pre-selected to move to one part of the operation in which all the transforming resources, to meet their immediate processing needs, are located. * I. e. Maternity unit in a hosp ital, lunch products in a supermarket * Shop-within-a-shop display area selling specific thing. I. e. sports shop sports books, sports shoes, etc. PRODUCT LAYOUT Line layout a more descriptive term for what is technically product layout Involves locating the transforming resources only when for the convenience of the transformed resources. I. e. Automobile assemblySelf-service cafeteria sequence of customer requirements (starter, main, dessert, drink) is common to all customers, but layout also helps control flow of customers. MIXED LAYOUTS Combination of layouts I. e. 1 kitchen serving 3 restaurants (cafeteria, buffet and sit down) VOLUME-VARIETY AND LAYOUT TYPE -The volume and variety characteristics of an operation will influence its layout When volume is low and variety high, flow is not a problem SELECTING A LAYOUT TYPE -Volume-variety characteristics narrow down choice -Influenced by apprehensiveness advantages and disadvantages (see p198) Cost implications DETAILED DE SIGN OF THE LAYOUT DETAILED DESIGN IN FIXED POSITION LAYOUT Location of resources based on the convenience of transforming resources themselves. DETAILED DESIGN IN FUNCTIONAL LAYOUT Combinatorial complexity the idea that many different ways of processing products and services at many different locations or points in time combine to result in an exceptionally large number of feasible options the term is often used in facilities layout and scheduling to justify non-optimal solutions Flow record chart a diagram used in layout to record the flow of products or services between facilities Relationship chart a diagram used in layout to summarize the relative desirability of facilities to be close to each other.